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PCP BC > Trauma > Flashcards

Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Also called synathroses or fused joints. Contain dense fibrous tissue that does not allow for movement.
Eg skull.

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2
Q

Cartaliginous joint

A

Also called amphiarthroses. Allow very minimal movement between the bones.
Eg pubis symphysis and joints connecting ribs to the sternum.

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3
Q

Synovial joints

A

Diarthroses. Most mobile joints of the body. Surrounded by the joint capsule. Contains articular cartilage and the synovial membrane which secretes fluid to lubricate it.

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4
Q

Linear fracture

A

Parallel to the long axis of the bone. Common cause by low energy stress injuries.

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5
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Straight across a bone at right angles to each cortex.

Common causes direct low energy blow.

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6
Q

Oblique fracture

A

At an angle across the bone. Common causes direct or twisting force.

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7
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Encircles the bone. Common causes twisting injury.

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8
Q

Impacted fracture

A

End of the bone becomes wedged into another bone.

Common causes fall from a significant height.

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9
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

More than 2 fracture fragments located in one area of the bone.
Common causes high energy injury (such as crush injury)

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10
Q

Segmental fracture

A

More than 2 fracture fragments occurring in different parts of the bone. Common causes high energy injury.

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11
Q

Complete fracture

A

Break through both cortices. Common causes high energy injury.

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12
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

Break through one cortex. Common causes low energy injury

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13
Q

Types of incomplete fractures

A

Greenstick
Buckle (torus)
Bowing
Fatigue (stress)

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14
Q

Dislocation

A

Bone is totally displaced from the joint

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15
Q

Subluxation

A

The partial dislocation of a joint.

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16
Q

Diastasis

A

Disruption of ligaments that hold 2 bones together.

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17
Q

Sprain

A

Injuries in which ligaments are stretched or torn.

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18
Q

Strain

A

An injury to a muscle and/or tendon due to muscle contraction or excessive stretching.

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19
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

Localized accumulation of beeding eeding or swelling within the enclosed muscle compartment (fascia) resulting in pain and decreased circulation.

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20
Q

Crush syndrome

A

Occurs because of prolonged or severe compressive force that impairs muscle metabolism and circulation.

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21
Q

Tertiary trauma centre (level 1)

A

Highest level of trauma care. Serves as facility for acutely injured patients. Provides education to health professionals. Participates in research.

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22
Q

District trauma centre (level 2)

A

Urban or rural community hospital. Can fulfill requirements prior to transfer to a tertiary centre. Similar to a level 1 without academic and research programs.

23
Q

Primary trauma centre (level 3)

A

Smallest, general practitioner or nursing station and serves as initial clearing station. Refers all but minor injuries to higher care.

24
Q

Waddell triad

A

Ped struck with expected pattern of injuries:
Bumper hits pelvis/femur
Chest and abdomen hit grill/hood
Head hits the ground

25
Q

Blast injuries

A

Primary: pressure wave damage.
Secondary: blast wind, projectiles
Tertiary: displacement (thrown), structure collapse.
Quarternary: misc events (burns, etc)

26
Q

Jackson’s theory of burns

A

Zone of coagulation: little or no blood flow
Zone of stasis: limited blood flow
Zone of hyperemia: increased blood flow

27
Q

Minor burn classification

A

Superficial: TBSA less than 50%
Partial thick: TBSA less than 15%
Full thick: TBSA less than 2%

28
Q

Moderate burn classification

A

Superficial: TBSA greater than 50%
Partial thick: TBSA less than 30%
Full thick: TBSA less than 10%

29
Q

Critical burn classification

A

Partial thick: TBSA more than 30%
Full thick: TBSA more than 10%
Inhalation injury
Partial or full thick: hands, feet, joints, face, genitalia

30
Q

Le Fort fractures

A

1: horizontal fracture of maxilla involving the hard palate and inferior maxilla
2: pyramidal fracture involving nasal bone and inferior maxilla
3: fracture of all mid facial bones, separating entire mid face from the cranium.

31
Q

Flexion spinal injury

A

Forward movement of the head due to rapid deceleration or a blow to the occiput.
Can result in dislocation or fracture of C1 and C2. Can result in anterior wedge fracture further down spine.

32
Q

Hyperflexion spinal injury

A

Can result in teardrop fractures and potentially unstable injuries to ligaments.

33
Q

Rotation with flexion spinal injuries

A

Often the result of high acceleration injuries. Usually considered unstable if occurring at C1 and C2.
Can produce a stable dislocation from C3 to C7, or fracture in the thoracolumbar spine.

34
Q

Vertical compression spinal injuries

A

Transmitted through spine to either the skull or the pelvis. Result from a blow to the crown or an inferior fall landing. Can result in burst or compression fractures.
Note: sometimes can be associated with retropharyngeal edema

35
Q

Hyperextension spinal injury

A

Can result in fractures and ligament injury.

Distraction due to rapid deceleration (hanging) often fractures C2.

36
Q

Primary spinal cord injury

A

Injury that occurs at the moment of impact.
Spinal cord concussion
Spinal cord contusion
Cord laceration

37
Q

Spinal cord concussion

A

Temporary dysfunction that lasts 24 to 48 hrs. Considered an incomplete injury and May present with simple compression fractures.

38
Q

Spinal cord contusion

A

Caused by fracture, dislocation, or direct trauma. Associated with edema, tissue damage, vascular leakage. May cause temporary or permanent loss of function.

39
Q

Spinal cord laceration

A

Usually occurs when a projectile or bone enters the spinal canal. Likely to result in disruption of some portion of the cord and its associated pathways.

40
Q

Secondary spinal cord injury

A 
Occurs when multiple factors permit progression of the primary injury, resulting in further deterioration. Often due to: hypoxemia, hypoglycaemia, hypothermia. 
Complete SCI
Incomplete SCI
Anterior Cord Syndrome
Central Cord Syndrome
Posterior Cord Syndrome
Brown Sequard Syndrome
Spinal Shock
Neurogenic Shock
41
Q

Complete and incomplete SCI

A

Depending on degree of function below the injury, SCI is categorized as complete or incomplete.
Complete: permanent loss of function below the injury
Incomplete: retains some degree of function. Initially may have dysfunction due to inflammation and swelling

42
Q

Anterior cord syndrome

A

Displacement of bone fragments into anterior portion of spinal cord. Often due to flexion injuries.
Presents with paralysis without loss of sensation of pn, temperature, and touch below the injury.

43
Q

Central cord syndrome

A

Common with hyperextension and older patients.
Typically presents with greater loss of function in upper extremities with variable loss of pn and temperature sensation. May also have bladder and bowel dysfunction.
Prognosis is usually positive outcomes.

44
Q

Posterior cord syndrome

A

Associated with extension injuries. Relatively rare, resulting in dysfunction of dorsal columns.
Presents as decreased proprioception, light touch sensation, and vibration, while most other motor and sensory function remains.

45
Q

Brown-sequard syndrome

A

Occurs due to penetration SCI trauma accompanied by hemisection of the cord and complete damage to all tracts of affected side.
Corticospinal side: ipsilateral motor loss
Dorsal column: ipsilateral loss of light touch, proprioception, and vibration.
Spinothalamic: contralateral loss of pn and temperature sensation

46
Q

Spinal shock

A

Temporary local neuro condition occurring immediately after trauma. Presents with variable degrees of acute spinal injury.
Usually subsides in hours to weeks depending on severity.

47
Q

Massive hemothorax

A

Defined as the accumulation of 1500ml of blood within the pleural space. Each lung can hold up to 3000ml, meaning a pt can easily bleed out into the thoracic cavity

48
Q

Deadly dozen thoracic injuries

A

Immediately life threatening:
Airway obstruction; bronchial disruption; diaphragmatic tear; esophageal injury; open pneumo; tension pneumo; massive hemothorax; flail chest; cardiac tamponade
Potentially lethal:
Thoracic aortic dissection; myocardial contusion; pulmonary contusion

49
Q

Rule of 9’s for adult burn patient

A 
Head: 9
Anterior torso: 18
Posterior torso: 18
Arm: 9 (9)
Leg: 18 (18)
Genitalia: 1
50
Q

Rule of 9’s for a child burn patient

A 
Head: 12
Anterior torso: 18
Posterior torso: 18
Arm: 9 (9)
Leg: 16.5 (16.5)
Genitalia: 1
51
Q

Rule of 9’s for an infant burn patient

A 
Head: 18
Anterior torso: 18
Posterior torso: 18
Arm: 9 (9)
Leg: 13.5 (13.5)
Genitalia: 1
52
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Rapidly progressing arterial bleed between skull and dura mater in a head injury

53
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Slower progressing venous bleed between the dura mater and meninges due to head trauma.

54
Q

Potential blood loss from fracture sites

A 
Pelvis: 1500-3000ml
Femur: 1000-1500ml
Humerus: 250-500ml
Tib or Fib: 250-500ml
Ankle: 250-500ml
Elbow: 250-500ml
Radius or ulna: 150-250ml

PCP BC (21 decks)

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