Pharmacology

Question 1

4 different names for drugs

Answer 1

Chemical name
Generic name
Brand name
Official name

Question 2

Definition of pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

How the body processes the drug.

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

Question 3

Definition of pharmacodynamics

Answer 3

How the drug affects the body (mechanism of action)

Question 4

6 rights of drug administration

Answer 4

Right patient
Right drug
Right dose
Right route
Right time
Right documentation

Question 5

Drugs routes of entry and onset of action

Answer 5

IO/IV: 30-60s
Endotracheal: 2-3min
Inhalation: 2-3min
Sublingual: 3-5min
IM: 10-20min
Subcutaneous: 15-30min
Rectal: 5-30 min
Oral: 30-90min
Topical: minutes to hours

Question 6

Onset of action

Answer 6

Duration of time it takes for a drug to reach its therapeutic range

Question 7

Duration of action

Answer 7

Time of onset to the time of end in the therapeutic range

Question 8

Potency

Answer 8

Amount of drug required to reach the therapeutic effect

Question 9

Therapeutic range

Answer 9

The range between the desired effect and toxicity of a drug

Question 10

Therapeutic index

Answer 10

Lethal dose divided by the start of the therapeutic dose.

The closer the value is to one = narrower margins of safety.

Question 11

Factors affecting drug response

Answer 11

Age, body mass, sex, environment, route, time of administration, pathology, genetics, psychology

Question 12

Side effect

Answer 12

An unintended response to a drug

Question 13

Untoward effect

Answer 13

A side effect that proves harmful

Question 14

Idiosyncrasy

Answer 14

Unusual effect of a drug unique to the patient

Question 15

Drug allergy

Answer 15

Antibody/antigen (immune) response

Question 16

Drug dependence

Answer 16

Physical or psychological need for a drug

Question 17

Tolerance

Answer 17

Patient becomes accustomed to a drug, requiring more to achieve desired effect.

Question 18

Cross tolerance

Answer 18

Tolerance is built up for a drug due to a different drug.

Question 19

Tachyphylaxis

Answer 19

Rapid occurrence of tolerance to a drug.

Question 20

Drug interaction

Answer 20

Drug effects on another drug in the system.

Question 21

Enteral route

Answer 21

Any route involving the GI tract (mouth to anus)

Question 22

Parenteral route

Answer 22

Any route other than the GI tract, skin, or mucous membranes (IM, IV, SC, IO)

Question 23

Synergism

Answer 23

2 drugs acting on the body via different mechanisms, but the overall sum of effect is greater than adding each drug together (1+1=3)

Question 24

Antagonism

Answer 24

Simultaneous administration of 2 drugs will decrease the effect of one drug (1+1=1)

Question 25

Potentiation

Answer 25

Type of synergism in which 1 drug will enhance the effects of another drug

Question 26

Summation

Answer 26

2 drugs act on the same receptor and their combined effect is the sum of the 2 drugs together (1+1=2)

Question 27

IV solutions

Answer 27

``` Isotonic (NS 0.9% NaCl) Hypotonic (net osmosis into cell) Hypertonic (net osmosis out of cell) Crystalloid (dissolved crystals) Colloid (draws fluid into vasculature) ```

Question 28

3-to-1 rule for crystalloid support of loss of blood pressure

Answer 28

3 ml of isotonic crystalloid solution is required to replace 1ml of blood lost.

Question 29

Microdrip sets

Answer 29

Allow 60 gtt per ml. Ideal for medication administration

Question 30

Macrodrip sets

Answer 30

Allow 10 or 15 gtt/ml. Best for rapid fluid replacement.

Question 31

Local IV site reactions

Answer 31

``` Infiltration (escape of fluid into surrounding tissue) Thrombophlebitis Occlusion Vein irritation Hematoma Nerve, tendon, ligament damage Arterial puncture ```

Question 32

Systemic complications to IV insertion

Answer 32

``` Allergic reactions Pyrogenic reactions (abrupt temp increase) Circulatory overload Air embolus Vasovagal reactions (anxiety to needles) Cannula shear ```

Question 33

Percutaneous route

Answer 33

Any route of medication administration via the skin or mucous membranes (topical patch, SL, buccal, inhalation)

Question 34

IM injection amount

Answer 34

1 to 5 ml of medication

Question 35

SC medication amounts

Answer 35

2 ml or less

Question 36

Potential complications of IV therapy

Answer 36

``` Infiltration Thrombophlebitis Occlusion Vein irritation Hematoma Nerve, tendon, ligament damage Arterial puncture ```

Question 37

Med math calculation for volume to be administered

Answer 37

Volume on hand: typically in ml Desired dose: amount to administer Concentration on hand: amount of medication in solvent Volume on hand x desired dose / concentration on hand = volume to be administered. 5ml x 70mg / 100mg = 3.5ml

Question 38

Med math IV infusion drip rate calculation

Answer 38

Total amount of fluid to be infused x admin drop set / total time in minutes. 1000ml x 10 gtt/ml / 480 minutes = 20.83 gtt/min

Question 39

Med math calculation for finding out concentration on hand

Answer 39

Concentration on hand / volume on hand 500mg / 10ml = 50mg/ml

Question 40

Commonly prescribed beta blockers

Answer 40

``` Metoprolol Propranolol Atenolol Bisoprolol Acebutolol Labetalol ```

Question 41

Commonly prescribed calcium channel blockers

Answer 41

``` Diltiazem Verapamil Amiodipine Felodipine Nifedipine ```

Question 42

Commonly prescribed diuretics

Answer 42

``` Bumetanide Ethacrynic acid Furosemide Apresoline Indapamide Metolazone Spironolactone Thiazides hydrochlorothiazide ```

Question 43

Commonly prescribed ACE inhibitors and angiotensin 2 blockers

Answer 43

``` Candesartan (AT-2 blocker) Captopril Enalapril Irbesartan (AT-2 blocker) Losartan (AT-2 blocker) Lisinopril Ramipril Telmisartan (AT-2 blocker) Valsartan (AT-2 blocker) ```