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PCP BC > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A 
HTN
Elevated cholesterol level
Smoking
Diabetes
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle 
High stress lifestyle/personality 
Hormonal replacement & oral contraceptive 
Family hx 
Age
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2
Q

H’s for reversible and treatable causes of cardiac arrest

A 
Hypothermia (1 shock and transport)
Hypoxia
Hypovolemia
Hydrogen ions (acidosis)
Hyperkalemia/Hypokalemia
Hypoglycaemia
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3
Q

T’s for reversible and treatable causes of cardiac arrest

A 
Toxins
Thrombosis (MI)
Thrombosis (PE)
Tension pneumothorax 
Tamponade
Trauma
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4
Q

3 lead placement, and type of lead

A

Right arm
Left arm
Left leg
Bipolar lead

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5
Q

Unipolar leads

A

aVR
aVL
aVF
Single electrode to a target area of the heart.

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6
Q

Precordial lead placement

A 
V1) 4th intercostal right of sternum 
V2) 4th intercostal left of sternum
V3) directly between 2 and 4
V4) 5th intercostal, mid clavicular line
V5) level with V4, L anterior axillary line
V6) level with V5, mid axillary line
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7
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Plaque buildup in the arteries caused by age, genetics, diet, smoking, ethnicity, gender, and other pathologies.
Risk of thrombus, emboli, and decreased arterial elasticity.

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8
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Ischemia of the myocardium. 4 types:
Unstable: unresponsive to meds and rest. Random onset.
Stable: responds to meds and rest. Onset with exertion.
Prinzmetals: temporary spasm of coronary artery.
Decubitis: laying supine. Increased O2 consumption

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9
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Decreased O2 to myocardium leading to necrosis of tissue.
Subendocardial: partial thickness
Transdural: full thickness
Unstable angina MI: MI caused by unstable angina.

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10
Q

PCP treatments for chest pain

A 
Limit movement
ASA during primary survey
Titrate O2 to 95 (nonSOB/no shock SS)
High-flow O2 for shock/SOB
NTG (don’t delay transport for NTG)
Entonox for pain
IV above the wrist, and 18g, left arm
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11
Q

Heart failure

A

Failure of the heart to pump blood properly to meet the demands of the body.
R HF: blood backup to vena cava ie. Pedal pitting edema
L HF: blood backup to pulmonary circulation
Systolic HF: contraction failure
Diastolic HF: filling (preload) issue
High-output: symptoms with increased demand
Low-output: chronic decrease in CO from decreased contractility

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12
Q

PCP treatment for heart failure

A

CPAP, PEEP, high flow O2 if SOB, 100ml bolus fluid for cardiogenic shock (no fluid if patient has crackles in lungs)

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13
Q

Pericardial tamponade

A 
Effusion from an increase of fluid in the pericardial sac.
Pulsus paradoxus plus Beck’s triad: 
JVD
Muffled heart sounds
Hypotension
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14
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium (usually due to infection or trauma) which can result in pericardial tamponade.
SS: sharp CP, ST elevation, fever, pain can radiate towards the back.

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15
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium usually due to a viral infection. Decreased cardiac output, fever (if viral cause), and chest pain.

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16
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the endocardium usually due to bacteria or blood infections leading to damaged heart valves. SS signs of sepsis, chest pain (especially on inhalation, valvular problems, potentially leads to HF

17
Q

Arterial occlusion

A

Sudden blockage of an artery due to trauma, emboli, or thrombus.

18
Q

Thoracic aortic aneurysm.

A

Weak/bulging point in the aorta in the thoracic region which is usually caused by HTN. Presents with chest pain.

19
Q

Aortic dissection

A

Blood enters space between tunica intima and tunica media due to an acute tear causing hypotension. Usually occurs in the aortic arch.
Sharp, acute C/P, hypotension.
Check bilat radial pulse and bilat BP.

20
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A 
Encompasses any peripheral vascular pathology that interferes with blood flow.
Atherosclerosis 
Varicose veins
Raynauds 
DVT
21
Q

Cardiac action potentials phases

A

P0) rapid depolarizing. Hits threshold potential (-70mv)Fast gated Na opens.
P1) early rapid repolarization. Fast Na closes, K leaves
P2) plateau. Voltage gated Ca opens
P3) repolarization. K leaves cell quickly, Ca channels close
P4) resting membrane potential (-90mV)

22
Q

Normal P wave

A

Upright deflection
0.10 second
No more than 2.5mm high.

23
Q

PR interval ECG

A

Up to 0.2 seconds (0.1 sec P wave plus 0.1 sec PR segment)

24
Q

QRS complex ECG

A

0.08 to 0.12 seconds long.

25
Q

ECG box measurements

A
  1. 04 (40ms) second per each 1mm box
  2. 2 (200 ms)second per each 5mm x 5mm cube
  3. 1mV amplitude per 1mm box
  4. 5mV amplitude per 5x5 cube
26
Q

ECG rhythms

A

Sinus: SA node is primary pacemaker
Junctional: AV node is primary pacemaker. Results in inverted P wave.
Ventricular (escape): purkinje fibres are primary pacemaker. Results in no P wave.

27
Q

When to perform a 12 lead ECG

A

Patient with suspected ACS
Patient post ROSC
Suspected dysrhythmia
Possible use with syncope, acute pulmonary edema, and other symptoms

28
Q

Pacemaker rates

A

SA node: 60 to 100 bpm
AV node: 40 to 60 bpm
Purkinje fibres: 20 to 40 bpm

29
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Left coronary artery
Circumflex coronary artery (branches off LCA)
Left anterior descending artery
Right coronary artery

30
Q

Cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x heart rate = CO

Normal CO is usually 5-6L/min in an adult

31
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out by either ventricle in a single contraction. Usually 60-100ml/beat at rest.

32
Q

How to test for jugular venous pressure

A

Position the patient semi Fowler’s (45 degrees) and note the jugular venous distension.
Normal JVP is 2-4cm above the sternal notch.

33
Q

3x4 12 lead ECG table

A

LCA/Lateral wall LV leads: 1,aVL, V5, V6
RCA/inferior wall LV leads: 2, 3, aVF
LCA/septum LV leads: V1, V2
LCA/anterior wall LV leads: V3, V4

34
Q

Method for counting HR on an ECG

A

6 second method: count QRS within 6 second strip and multiply by 10

Sequence method: Count amount of 5mm boxes between R waves using the following sequence. 300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50.
Example: 3 5mm boxes between R-R interval would equal 100bpm.

PCP BC (21 decks)

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