Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-base Balance

Question 1

Total body weight of water in the human body
Newborn
Children
Adult
Elderly

Answer 1

80% (newborn)
65-70% (children)
50-60% (adult)
45% (elderly)

Question 2

Distribution of water within the body

Answer 2

2/3 of the water is intracellular fluid

1/3 of the water is extracellular fluid

Question 3

Percentage of fluid vs formed elements in the blood

Answer 3

55% of blood (90% is water, 10% is proteins, glucose, gas, electrolytes)
45% of blood is formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)

Question 4

Tonicity of fluids

Answer 4

Isotonic = equal net inflow and outflow of water
Hypertonic = higher amount of solutes (crenation)
Hypotonic = lower amount of solutes (lysis)

Question 5

Osmosis

Answer 5

Water chasing solutes. Moving from a solution of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Question 6

Water entry into the body

Answer 6

Digestive system

Cellular metabolism

Question 7

Water exits the body

Answer 7

Kidneys
Lungs
Sweat
Feces
Vomiting

Question 8

Capillary net filtration pressures

Answer 8

Blood hydrostatic pressure
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.

Question 9

Chemical buffers

Answer 9

Fastest acting

• carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer
• protein buffer
• phosphate buffer

Question 10

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate shift equation

Answer 10

HCO3 + H H2CO3 CO2 + H2O

Question 11

Causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 11

Renal failure
DKA
Lactic acid
Ingestion of toxins

Question 12

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 12

Antacids
Over administering NaHCO3
Over administering diuretics

Question 13

Causes of respiratory acidosis

Answer 13

Increased PCO2
Respiratory depression (OD, disease)
Obstructive airway disease (emphysema)
FBAO
Bronchoconstriction

Question 14

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 14

Decreased PCO2
Sepsis
Peritonitis 
Shock
CO poison
Head injury

Question 15

Types of shock

Answer 15

Obstructive
Hypovolemic
Cardiogenic
Distributive

Question 16

General signs and symptoms of shock

Answer 16

Short of breath
Tachypnea
Tachycardia with weak periphery pulse
Pale/cool/clammy skin
Cold/mottled skin
Altered mental status
Decreased urination
Hypotension

Question 17

4 stages of shock

Answer 17

Initial stage
Compensatory stage
Decompensated stage
Refractory (irreversible) stage

Question 18

Water dispersion in ECF

Answer 18

Interstitial fluid: 10.5% of body weight

Intravascular fluid: 4.5% of body weight