GI/GU

Question 1

4 layers of the digestive tract

Answer 1

Mucosa: inner epithelial layer
Submucosa: connective tissue, vessels
Muscularis: smooth muscle. Thick
Serous: bilayer (parietal and visceral)

Question 2

Components of digestive tract

Answer 2

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine.

Question 3

Accessory organs of digestion

Answer 3

Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder

Question 4

3 main contents in liver lobules

Answer 4

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatic duct

Question 5

7 main liver functions

Answer 5

Create plasma proteins
Detoxify
Excretion
Storage of glycogen
Secretion
Metabolism
Hematopoiesis (fetal)

Question 6

Krebs net ATP production

Answer 6

36 ATP (+2 ATP from glycolysis) = 38 total ATP from glucose molecule.

Question 7

Metabolism of proteins

Answer 7

Breakdown of protein chains into singular proteins.

Break down of protein into acetyl-coa

Question 8

Metabolism of lipids

Answer 8

Dependent on type of lipid:
Start glycolysis directly
Enter in oxidative phase of pyruvate
Enter various points of Krebs cycle

Question 9

Hiatal hernia

Answer 9

Pouching of hiatus through diaphragm. Typically will present with GERD

Question 10

Upper GI bleed

Answer 10

A bleed in the stomach or above (can be in upper duodenum). Nausea/vomiting of blood (bright red or coffee grounds)

Question 11

Peptic ulcer

Answer 11

Ulcer in the mucosa layer leading to irritation. Usually presents with severe pain while eating.

Question 12

Esophageal varices

Answer 12

Varicose veins in esophagus which can rupture, leading to bright red hematemesis

Question 13

Gastritis

Answer 13

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Can be chronic or acute. Results in an increase of acid secretion, abdo pain, and can cause bleeding.

Question 14

Hepatitis

Answer 14

Inflammation of the liver usually due to infection.

Results in jaundice, coagulopathy, malaise.

Question 15

Cholecystitis

Answer 15

Inflammation of gallbladder due to blockage or infection. Presents with URQ pain and referred pn to shoulder or back.

Question 16

Esophagitis

Answer 16

Inflammation of the esophagus usually due to GERD.

Question 17

Appendicitis

Answer 17

Inflammation of the appendix. Caused by blockage or infection, resulting in buildup of fluid or pus. LRQ pn with rebound tenderness.

Question 18

Bowel obstruction

Answer 18

Blockage of bowel movements due to physical block (tumour, hernia) or volvulus. Results in backup of fecal matter.

Question 19

Gastroenteritis

Answer 19

Inflammation of stomach/intestines usually due to bacterial or viral infection. Can be acute or chronic. NVD, low grade fever, mild abdo pn

Question 20

Pancreatitis

Answer 20

Inflammation of pancreas due to injury, illness, or lifestyle. Chronic can cause acinar necrosis.
ULQ pn, NV

Question 21

Diverticulitis

Answer 21

Inflamed small sac like pouch along GI tract.

Abdo pn, fever, NVD, change in bowl habits.

Question 22

RAAS components

Answer 22

Renin: secreted by kidneys
Angiotensinogen: released from liver
Angiotensin I: inactive precursor to AT-II
Angiotensin II: inhibits NO synthesis; vasoconstriction, releases aldosterone
ACE: converts AT I to AT II

Question 23

UTI

Answer 23

Infection anywhere in the urinary tract. Most prevalent in females. May progress to sepsis
Polyuria, pn on urination, difficult urination, flank pn

Question 24

Renal calculi

Answer 24

Kidney stones. Typically caused by calcium, struvite, or uric acid resulting in a blockage.
Pn, hemorrhage, and decreased urine output.

Question 25

Renal failure

Answer 25

Failure of kidneys to meet demands of the body. Associated with loss of 70-100 percent of nephrons.