Trauma Flashcards
Décrire la triade de Waddel
- Fx tibia/péroné ou fémur
- Trauma tronculaire
- Trauma craniofacial
Critères devant être absents pour ne pas faire d’imagerie du thorax en trauma blunt
The criteria for obtaining imaging in one large validation study are age older than 60 years, rapid deceleration mechanism, chest pain, intoxication, abnormal alertness and mental status, distracting painful injury, and tenderness to chest wall palpation.
Pré-requis pour la présence d’un chirurgie dans les réanimations traumatiques
A surgeon should be present in the emergency department on trauma patient arrival or within 15 minutes if any of the following major criteria are found:
- Confirmed hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg)
- Gunshot wounds to the neck, chest, abdomen or proximal extremities
- Intubated patients transferred from the scene
- Respiratory compromise requiring an emergent airway
- Penetrating gunshot wound to the neck, chest, abdomen, or pelvis
- Glasgow Coma Scale score < 8 attributed to trauma
At the discretion of the emergency clinician
Critères d’administration du cyclokapron en trauma
Critères inclusion de CRASH2 - trauma > 16a, avec hémorragie significative (ou à risque de) - SBP < 90 ou RC > 110 - dans les 3hrs du trauma
Acide tranexamique 1g sur 10 minutes puis 1g sur 8hr
Avoir une idée générale du CDC ascot - EQTPT
Critères dx TCC léger
According to the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, a person with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is a patient with a GCS of 13–15 who has had a traumatically induced physiologic disruption of brain function, as manifested by at least one of the following:
- Any period of loss of consciousness less than 30 min
- Any loss of memory for events immediately before or after the accident (posttraumatic amnesia should last <24 hr)
- Any alteration in mental state at the time of the accident (eg, feeling dazed, disoriented, or confused)
- Focal neurologic deficit(s) that may or may not be transient
Nommer ce qui cause vasodilatation et vasoconstriction cérébrale
Hypertension, alkalosis, and hypocarbia promote cerebral vasoconstriction, whereas hypotension, acidosis, hypoxie and hypercarbia cause cerebral vasodilation.
Diminution de 1mmHg PCO2 diminue le diamètre des vaisseaux de 2-3%
Autorégulation cérébrale entre TAM 60-150 mmHG
Visons PPC 60-70
Dfn d’augmentation de pression intracranienne
Tension intracrânienne augmentée si > 15 mmHg ou 19,5 cm H2O
Mécanismes intracrâniens compensatoires peut accomoder 50-100mL supplémentaire
Caractéristiques associées à une fx du crâne significative
Présence d’air intracrânien
Lacération du cuir chevelu associée à la fx
Dépression de la table interne du crâne
Fracture qui se trouve a/n sinus veineux ou de l’artère méningée moyenne
Quelle est l’anomalie au TDM la plus fréquente post trauma crânien? et qu’est-ce qu’un hygrome sous-dural?
HSA traumatique
Accumulation de LCR a/n sous-dural, avec xanthochromie + Hypothèses:
- déchirure de l’arachnoide qui permet au LCR de traverser et s’accumuler en sous-dural
- atteinte de la perméabilité capillaire a/n méninges
Nommer les grades de DAI
Clinical grades of diffuse TAI have been based on length of coma: (1) grade 1 (mild)—ccoma for 6 to 24 hours; (2) grade II (moderate)—coma for longer than 24 hours but not decerebrate; (3) grade III (severe)—coma for longer than 24 hours and decerebrate or flaccid.
Décrire le phénomène de Kernohan
In a certain percentage of TBI patients, the contralateral cerebral peduncle is forced against the opposite edge of the tentorial hiatus. Hemiparesis is then detected ipsilateral to the dilated pupil and mass lesion.
Décrire les différentes herniations cérébrales
- uncus
- centrale transtentorielle
- amygdales cérébelleuses (bulbaire)
- transtentorielle cérébelleux upward
- sous falcique
- trans crânienne
(pupilles pinpoint avec atteinte protubérance)
Nommer des signes à l’examen physique d’une fracture de la base du crâne
Blood in ear canal
Hemotympanum
Rhinorrhea
Otorrhea
Battle’s sign (retroauricular hematoma)
Raccoon sign (periorbital ecchymosis)
Cranial nerve deficits
Facial paralysis
Decreased auditory acuity
Dizziness
Tinnitus
Nystagmus
Décrire le score de Rotterdam pour mortalité post TCC
Basal cistern effacement
0 = none
1 = partially effaced (compressed)
2 = completely effaced (compressed)
Midline shift
0 = no shift or ≤5 mm
1 = >5 mm
EDH (epidural hematoma)
0 = EDH present
1 = no EDH
IVH (intraventricular hemorrhage) or SAH (subarachnoid hemorrhage)
0 = neither present
1 = either present
- Add 1 to score
Total score = 1–6 points
Quels antibiotiques en cas de trauma cérébral pénétrant ou fx crâne ouverte déprimée ou fx base du crâne avec fuite LCR > 7 jours
Vanco
Genta
Flagyl
Indications de chx lors HSD
Indications for surgical evacuation include acute SDHs with a thickness more than 10 mm or a midline shift of more than 5 mm on a CT scan, regardless of the patient’s GCS score. Other parameters for surgical evacuation include a worsening GCS score (≥2 points from the time of injury to hospital admission) in comatose patients, asymmetric or fixed and dilated pupils, and persistent elevation in ICP. Most patients with subacute SDH require surgical evacuation of the lesion.
Nommer des facteurs de risque de convulsions post traumatique précoces
GCS < 10
Age < 65 ans
Alcoolisme
Contusion cortex
Hématome sous-dural/épidural / intracérébral
Fx crâne
Trauma pénétrant
Convulsion initiale
Amnésie post-trauma > 30 minutes
Nommer 2 hypothèse pour expliquer l’oedème pulmonaire neurogénique
Theories on its pathophysiology include the following: (1) catecholamine surge or blast from the TBI, resulting in increased intravascular pressure, increased capillary permeability, and hydrostatic edema114; and (2) a systematic inflammatory reaction leading to endothelial damage and vasogenic edema
Nommer 3 règles pour évaluer le besoin d’imagerie en TCCL
Canadian Computed Tomography Head Rule (CCHR)
High-Risk Injury (May Require Neurologic Intervention)
1.
GCS score < 15 at 2 hr after injury
2.
Suspected open or depressed skull fracture
3.
Any sign of basal skull fracture (hemotympanum, raccoon eyes, CSF otorrhea or rhinorrhea, Battle’s sign)
4.
Vomiting ≥ two episodes
5.
Age ≥ 65 years
Medium-Risk Injury (May Have Important Brain Injury on CT)
6.
Amnesia before impact ≥ 30 min
7.
Dangerous mechanism (pedestrian struck by vehicle, occupant ejected from vehicle, fall from elevation >3 feet [five stairs])
New Orleans Criteria (NOC) 60 cévo aacc
1.
Headache
2.
Vomiting
3.
Age > 60 yr
4.
Drug or alcohol intoxication
5.
Persistent anterograde amnesia
6.
Trauma above the clavicle
7.
Seizure
NEXUS II Criteria 65 AEC/Abnormal coag/vo fx/hématome/sx neuro
1.
Evidence of significant skull fracture
2.
Scalp hematoma
3.
Neurologic deficit
4.
Altered level of alertness
5.
Abnormal behavior
6.
Coagulopathy
7.
Persistent vomiting
8.
Age ≥ 65 yr
Nommer les 6 étapes de retour au jeu post TCCL
Décrire la vascularisation du visage
Décrire les fractures de Le Fort
A Le Fort I fracture involves a transverse fracture through the maxilla above the roots of the teeth and may be unilateral or bilateral. Patients may report malocclusion, and the maxilla may be mobile when the upper teeth are grasped and rocked. A Le Fort II fracture is typically bilateral and pyramidal in shape. It extends superiorly in the midface to include fractures of the nasal bridge, maxilla, lacrimal bones, orbital floor, and rim. In these cases, the nasal complex moves as a unit with the maxilla when the teeth are grasped and rocked. In the current age of CT scanning, in which the full extent of comminution can be appreciated, simple Le Fort III fractures are rare but essentially involve fracturing of the connections between the elements of the skull and face (craniofacial dysjunction). These fractures start at the bridge of the nose, extend posteriorly along the medial wall of the orbit (ethmoids), along the floor of the orbit (maxilla), and through the lateral orbital wall, and finally break through the zygomatic arch. Intranasally, they extend through all the lesser bones to the base of the sphenoid and frequently are associated with a CSF leak.
Qu’est-ce qu’un foetus viable?
plus de 500 g et 24 sem
Nommer les changements hémodynamiques de la femme enceinte selon les trimestres
Nommer des FR de mort périnatale en trauma
Quelle est la cause de décès principale du foetus en trauma blunt?
Risk factors significantly predictive of fetal death include ejection, motorcycle and pedestrian collisions, maternal death, maternal tachycardia, abnormal fetal heart rate, lack of restraints, and an injury severity score greater than 9.
DPPNI - signe le plus sensible de DPPNI est la détresse foetale.
Risque important de mort-né et accouchement pré-terme
Avoir une idée des doses de radiation en grossesse
Pas d’évidence d’augmentation du risque foetal si exposition < 50 mGy
Nommer les indicateurs préhospitaliers d’Ohio en trauma gériatrique
Trauma gériatrique ≥70 years
Anatomie: 2 régions ou plus atteintes
Physiologie: GCS <15 ave c TCC, TA 100 mm Hg
Mécanisme: Fx 1 ou plusieurs os longs dans MVC, piéton/auto, chute avec TCC
Nommer des FR de chute en gériatrie
Faiblesse
Trouble d’équilibre / mobilité
Trouble cognitif
Trouble visuel
Médication
Hypotension orthostatique
Nommer les facteurs modifiant la prise en charge d’un trauma gériatrique
Airway: risque d’intubation difficile augmenté ( mobilité cervicale limitée, ouverture TMJ limitée, crico difficile par ATCD chx/RT/ A/C )
Breathing: réserve pulmonaire limitée, détérioration et fatigue + rapide
Circulation: réponses à l’hypovolémie diminuées
Disability: augmentation du risque de fracture vertébrale et de lésion neurologique. Augmentation des SCIWORA (2nd sténose cervicale + kyphosis)
Exposure: risque d’hypothermie augmentée (moins tissus/graisse et mécanismes de thermorégulation moins efficaces)
3 types de lésions cervicales + fréquentes:
Syndrome central de la moelle
Lésion extension-distraction
Fx odontoide
Expliquer la classification de Dennis
The three parallel vertical column model proposed by Denis2 depicts the anterior column as being formed by alternating vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks surrounded by the annulus fibrosus capsule and anterior longitudinal ligament. The middle column consists of the posterior part of the annulus fibrosus and posterior vertebral wall, posterior longitudinal ligament, spinal cord, paired laminae and pedicles, articulating facets, transverse processes, nerve roots, and vertebral arteries and veins. The posterior column consists of the spinous processes, nuchal ligament, interspinous and supraspinous ligaments, and ligamentum flavum. Disruption of a single column usually preserves stability but does not preclude an SCI from displaced fracture fragments. Disruption of two columns results in an injury that is stable in one direction but unstable in another