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BIOLOGY > transcription & translation - exam 1 > Flashcards

transcription & translation - exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA that contains instructions for making an RNA

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2
Q

features of a gene

A

start site - transcription unit - terminator

promoter

RNA transcript = compl. to template strand of DNA

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3
Q

promoter

A

where RNA polymerase binds

enzyme that transcribes RNA from DNA

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4
Q

RNA polymerase

A

catalyzes formation of RNA using DNA template

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5
Q

initiation

A

RNA pol binds promoter

RNA pol finds promoter & unwinds DNA

adds nts complementary to template

builds RNA in 5’-3’ direction

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6
Q

elongation

A

RNA pol moves “downstream” elongating RNA transcript

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7
Q

termination

A

RNA pol recognizes terminator & falls off

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8
Q

where does transcription occur

A

nucleus

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9
Q

replication product

A

2 double stranded dna molecules

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10
Q

direction of synthesis in replication

A

5’-3’

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11
Q

enzymes in replication

A

dna pol, helicase, primase, ligase

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12
Q

where does replication occur

A

nuclues

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13
Q

when does replication occur

A

before cell division

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14
Q

of template strands in replication

A

2

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15
Q

transcription product

A

single stranded rna molecule

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16
Q

direction of synthesis in transcription

A

5’-3’

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17
Q

enzymes in transcription

A

rna pol

18
Q

when does transcription occur

A

always

19
Q

of template strands in transcription

A

1

20
Q

mRNA

A

messenger

info carrier

used by ribosomes to make proteins

21
Q

tRNA

A

transfer
connection between mRNA & protein

single stranded & folded into “t” shape

doesn’t contain info found in protein coding gene

22
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal

23
Q

snRNA

A

small nuclear

24
Q

how do eukaryottes modify mRNA after transcription

A

addition of cap & a tail

intron removal

25
Q

5’ cap

A

stability of RNA molecule so single strand doesn’t get cut off

position of mRNA on ribosome

26
Q

poly-A tail

A

stability of RNA molecule so nuclease doesn’t chop it away
- longer tail = longer life
- doesn’t matter if repeated As get chopped

exit form nucleus
- polyA binding proteins w/ a nuclear export signal

27
Q

intron

A

intervening sequence must be removed

28
Q

exon

A

expressed sequence stays in

29
Q

RNA splicing

A

introns removed & exons spliced together

pre mRNA w/ introns: “B!0)0g% is my f@^0r!t3”
mature mRNA w/out introns: “Biology is my favorite.”

30
Q

how can eukaryotes produce many more proteins than they have genes

A

alternative RNA splicing

one gene can encode more than 1 polypeptide

31
Q

where are ribosomal subunits made

A

nucleolus - made separately

leave the nucleolus thorough nuclear pores into cytosol

32
Q

where does translation occur

A

in cytosol

33
Q

4 binding sites on a ribosomal unit

A

E - exit
P - tRNA w/ polypeptide
A - tRNA w/ amino acid

on small subunit - mRNA binding

34
Q

translation initiation

A

mRNA binds to small subunit
- 5’ cap helps w/ positioning
- start codon in P site

1sr tRNA comes in & binds to start codon

large subunit binds

35
Q

translation elongation

A

anticodon of next charged tRNA binds to codon in A site

tRNA-met bond brokem
- met forms peptide bond w/ next amino acid

ribosome moves down mRNA
- A site is vacant
=tanslocation

uncharged tRNA in E site exits

36
Q

translation termination

A

stop codon enters A site

release factor binds in A site

complex falls apart

37
Q

missense mutation

A

different amino acid put into protein

consequence: it depends, hydrophobic & philic, where in protein mutation is (active site)

38
Q

nonsense mutation

A

stop codon replaces amino acid encoding codon

consequence: shortened protein – BAD

39
Q

silent mutation

A

no change in amino acid & no protein folding issues

consequence: often none

40
Q

frameshift mutaion

A

nucleotide pair insertion/deletion

everything after insertion/deletion is wrong, all shifted down one

consequence: wrong protein is made – BAD

41
Q

mutation in germ cell

A

mutation can be passed to offspring

42
Q

mutation in somatic cell

A

mutation not present in offspring

BIOLOGY (30 decks)

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