circulation - exam 3

Question 1

diffusion

Answer 1

one way to bring oxygen into cells

gases move from high to low concentrations

Question 2

body plan needed for diffusion

Answer 2

requires large surface area

only works for thin animals

diffusion inversely related to distance

Question 3

gastrovascular cavity

Answer 3

instead of a circulatory system

Question 4

3 main features of circulatory systems

Answer 4

fluid

vessels

a pump

Question 5

functions of circulatory systems

Answer 5

transport & exchange of respiratory gases

transport of nutrients, hormones, & immune cells

Question 6

who has open circulatory systems

Answer 6

invertebrates

(not all)

Question 7

fluid in open circulatory systems

Answer 7

hemolymph

mixes w/ interstitial fluid because the tubes are open ended

Question 8

tradeoffs of open circulatory systems

Answer 8

does not require much energy

cannot move oxygen or nutrients quickly

Question 9

who has closed circulatory systems

Answer 9

all vertebrates & some invertebrates

Question 10

fluid in closed circ systems

Answer 10

blood in closed vessels

separate from interstitial fluid

Question 11

tradeoffs of closed circ systems

Answer 11

uses a lot of energy

quickly delivers oxygen

Question 12

arteries

Answer 12

carry blood away from heart

under high pressure from the heart

thick & elastic

surrounded by smooth muscle

Question 13

arterioles

Answer 13

smaller than arteries

take the blood to capillaries

Question 14

capillaries

Answer 14

microscopic vessels w/ thin porous walls

surround tissues & exchange surfaces

site of gas & nutrient exchange

blood slows down here

venules

Question 15

why does blood slow down in the capillaries

Answer 15

big artery flows into MANY tiny capillaries

the total area of capillaries > area of artery

Question 16

vein

Answer 16

carries blood back to the heart

under less pressure than arteries

thin & thin walled

valves

Question 17

valves

Answer 17

help blood get back to the heart against gravity

close off section by section of veins so the blood can’t fall back down

Question 18

what do the muscles in the walls of veins & venules do

Answer 18

help return blood to the heart

Question 19

varicose veins

Answer 19

swollen veins

caused by damage to valves

Question 20

atrium

Answer 20

chamber of the heart that receives blood

Question 21

ventricle

Answer 21

chamber of the heart that pumps blood out

Question 22

single circulation

Answer 22

blood travels through the body in a single loop

blood flows the heart ONCE

Question 23

single circulation process

Answer 23

heart pumps once to take blood to respiratory surface & to body (where it slows down)

contraction of muscles speeds up circulation

Question 24

what type of animals use single circulation

Answer 24

fish

Question 25

double circulation

Answer 25

2 circuits of blood flow blood flows through the heart TWICE

Question 26

pulmocutaneous circuit

Answer 26

right side of the heart pumps oxygen poor blood into capillary beds & oxygen moves in

Question 27

what types of animals use pulmocutaneous circuits

Answer 27

amphibians

Question 28

systemic circuit

Answer 28

left side of heart pumps oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body

Question 29

ventricle in double circulation for amphibians

Answer 29

mixing of oxygen rich & poor blood

Question 30

why is ventricle in double circ in amphibians efficient

Answer 30

intermittent breathers when underwater, incomplete division of ventricle allows frogs to shut off blood flow to lungs & shift it to the skin

Question 31

pulmonary circuit

Answer 31

right side of heart pumps oxygen poor blood into capillary beds & oxygen moves in no "cutaneous" --> don't breathe through skin

Question 32

what types of animals use pulmonary circuits

Answer 32

mammals

Question 33

how many chambers in mammal hearts

Answer 33

4 chambers ventricles divided

Question 34

result of divided ventricles

Answer 34

no mixing of oxygen rich & poor blood very efficient - supports endothermic way of life

Question 35

4 major components of blood

Answer 35

plasma red blood cells platelets white cells

Question 36

plasma

Answer 36

liquid portion of blood contains dissolved nutrients, hormones, gases

Question 37

platelets

Answer 37

help form blood clots

Question 38

white cells

Answer 38

immune defenses against invaders

Question 39

red blood cells

Answer 39

transport oxygen to all tissues in the body erythrocytes

Question 40

what is the protein found in RBCs

Answer 40

hemoglobin

Question 41

where are rbcs made

Answer 41

stem cells from bone marrow

Question 42

how does the shape of RBCs support their function

Answer 42

flat w/ little divot on top increased surface area for diffusion of oxygen hemoglobin stored in divot

Question 43

hemoglobin function

Answer 43

transports oxygen

Question 44

what is hemoglobin made up of

Answer 44

4 protein strands with hemes

Question 45

hemes

Answer 45

groups in the protein strands of hemoglobins iron at the center

Question 46

purpose of iron

Answer 46

bonds 1 oxygen molecule makes blood red

Question 47

how many molecules of oxygen can 1 hemoglobin molecule carry

Answer 47

4

Question 48

what happens when oxygen binds to one subunit of hemoglobin

Answer 48

the shape changes to increase affinity for oxygen

Question 49

what happens when oxygen is released from 1 subunit of hemoglobin

Answer 49

the shape changes to decrease affinity for oxygen

Question 50

cooperativity

Answer 50

allows hemoglobin to pick up the largest load of oxygen in the lungs & to dropoff the largest load in distant tissue

Question 51

carbon monoxide & hemoglobin

Answer 51

carbon monoxide binds irreversibly to hemoglobin it has a higher affinity than oxygen

Question 52

what causes oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin

Answer 52

drop in oxygen pressure co2 production

Question 53

Bohr shift

Answer 53

hemoglobin releases even more oxygen when you exercise

Question 54

feedback loop that maintains RBCs

Answer 54

low oxygen detected by kidney kidney secretes erythropoietin (EPO) EPO causes bone marrow to make RBCs high oxygen is detected by kidney no more EPO released

Question 55

respiratory adaptations in deep sea diving mammals

Answer 55

more blood - can store more oxygen more myoglobin blood not routed to muscles - muscles use myoglobin

Question 56

myoglobin

Answer 56

oxygen storing protein IN MUSCLES rather than in blood