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BIOLOGY > dna replication - exam 1 > Flashcards

dna replication - exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nucleotide

A

phostphate gtoup, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base

5 nitrogenous bases – ACTUG
what the nucleotide is named after

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2
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

dna

contains instructions used in development & functioning of all living organisms

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3
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

crucial for tkaing instructions in dna & making proteins that wn the cell

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4
Q

dna bases

A

ATGC

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5
Q

rna bases

A

AUGC

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6
Q

dna sugar

A

deoxyribose

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7
Q

rna sugar

A

ribose

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8
Q

dna # of strands

A

2, double helix

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9
Q

rna # of strands

A

1

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10
Q

dna location in cell

A

nucleus

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11
Q

rna location in cell

A

nucleus, cytosol

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12
Q

ATGGCTA

A

TACCGAT

dna

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13
Q

ACUGCA

A

UGACGU

rna

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14
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

2 bonds in TA
3 bonds in GC

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15
Q

genome

A

complete set of dna in an orgnaism

every cell in the body contains a complete set of the genome

contains all of the info needed for an organsim to develop & grow

no correlation between size of genome & complexity of organism

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16
Q

helicase

A

unwinds double helix at replication fork

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17
Q

single stranded binding protein

A

stabilize replication bubble

keep single strands from re pairing

18
Q

topoisomerase

A

relieves supercoiling ahead of helicase

allows helicase to keep moving

19
Q

dna polymerase III

A

makes dna strand complementary to template

but dna needs a 3’-OH to get started so it needs a primase

20
Q

primase

A

makes a primer

now dna pol III can make dna complementary to template strand

the compl. strand is built in 5’ –> 3’ direction

dna can only build by adding nucleotides to 3’ end

21
Q

primer

A

short strand of rna complementary to template

provides 3’-OH for dna pol III

22
Q

dna polymerase I

A

removes primers

fills in gap w/ dna nucleotides

it cannot make the phosphdiester bond to connect dna fragments

23
Q

dna ligase

A

makes phosphodiester bond to connect dna fragments

24
Q

continous synthesis

A

leading strand

moving towards inside of fork

25
Q

discontinous synthesis

A

lagging strand

moving towards open end of fork

has to keep making small strand as the fork opens up

26
Q

why can’t dna syntehsis occur after primer is removed

A

no 3’ - OH available

27
Q

what happens because the primer is removed

A

gap doesn’t get filled

cell hates single stranded dna

single stranded ends get chopped off

the chromosome gets shorter

28
Q

telomeres

A

ends of chromosomes

stretches of repeated bases

do not contain genes

29
Q

what happens when telomere repeats are gone

A

start losing genes

chromosomes fall apart (shoelace w/out aglet)

chromosomes fuse

cells die

30
Q

hayflick limit

A

40-60 divisions before cell death

more than this & the cells start to mutate, can become harmful

31
Q

telomerase

A

enzymes that can “fill in the gap” in cells that need to replicate over the hayflick limit
- embryo & stem cells

chromosomes maintain length upon each cell divsion

32
Q

telomere & aging

A

telomere length correlates with age
longer telomere = longer life span

telomeres shorten w age

33
Q

too much telomerase

A

overexpression of telomerase

expands lifespan

compromises fertility

did not lead to longer telomeres

mutations = cancer

34
Q

3’ –> 5’ exonuclease activity

A

pol. adds incorrecct nt

pol. detects mispaired bases

uses 3’-5’ exonuclease to remove incorrect nt

35
Q

nuclease

A

chops up nucleic acid

36
Q

exonuclease

A

chops up nucleic acid starting at an end

37
Q

3’-5’ exonuclease

A

chops up from 3’ end

38
Q

mismatch repair system

A

remove/replace incorrectly pair nts, later

mismatch detacted

endonuclease cuts out mismatch

dna pol. fills in the correct nts

dna ligase makes the last phophodiester bond

39
Q

endonuclease

A

chops up internal mistakes

40
Q

excision repair system

A

similar to mismatch but works later

uv light can cause thymine dimer to become misshapen

endonuclease cuts out the damage

dna pol fills in the gap

ligase connects pieces

BIOLOGY (30 decks)

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