animal behavior - exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

behavioral ecology

A

focuses on how behavior contributes to the differential survival & reproduction of animals

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2
Q

how is success of behavior measured in evolutionary terms

A

passing genes to the next generation

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3
Q

proximate causation

A

how behavior occurs or is modified

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4
Q

proximate causation questions

A

what event or signal triggers the behavior & what are the mechanisms

how does experience & development influence behavior

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5
Q

proximate causation in frigate birds

A

presence of female triggers behavior

older males are better at attracting females

visual stimulus releases hormones

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6
Q

ultimate causation

A

why a behavior evolves

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7
Q

ultimate causation questions

A

how does the behavior aid survival & reproduction

what is the evolutionary history of the behavior

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8
Q

ultimate causation in frigate birds

A

drumming attracts a mate –> reproduction

bond w/ mate = higher survival rate for offspring

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9
Q

innate behavior

A

requires no learning

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10
Q

fixed action pattern

A

sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors

once initiated, usually carried to completion
- even if stimulus is removed

behavior is the same everytime

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11
Q

sign stimulus

A

stimulus that triggers an FAP

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12
Q

stickleback fish fap & sign stimulus

A

circle & attack when another male fish comes near their nest

sign stimulus = red belly

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13
Q

what does behavior result from

A

a mix of genes & the environment

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14
Q

birdsong

A

genetically programmed to learn

only sing correct song if they hear the correct song as a baby

cannot learn the song of another bird

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15
Q

piloting

A

movement of animals from one familiar landmark to another

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16
Q

drawbacks of piloting

A

short distances

for visual landmarks - not useful at night or over ocean

only works if landmarks are stationary

17
Q

orientation

A

movement of animals along a compass line

18
Q

what do some animals use for orientation

A

sun compass

monarchs

19
Q

how does a sun compass work

A

requires an internal clock bc position of sun changes over time

if going south –> keep sun on left in the morning, go towards sun midday, keep sun on right in the afternoon

20
Q

how do animals who use sun compasses orient when they can’t see the sun

A

use the earth’s magnetic field as a compass

21
Q

drawbacks of orientation

A

can’t get back on track if blown off course

22
Q

navigation

A

ability of animals who can orient along compass lines to determine their location in relation to their destination

able to get back on track if blown off course

23
Q

cognitive map

A

a representation in the brain of the spatial relationships between objects

24
Q

what is a cognitive map based on

A

earth’s magnetic field

landmarks

sounds

odors

highways

25
demonstrating landmark use in digger wasps
pine cones around nest researcher moves pine cones wasp can't find its nest
26
communication
use of specifically designed signals to modify the behavior of others
27
signal
a stimulus transmitted from one animal to another
28
how do bees communicate the location of food to other bees
waggle dance
29
waggle dance
provides info about: direction - w/ respect to sun distance - number & duration of waggles
30
waggle dance up
towards the sun
31
waggle dance down
away from the sun
32
round dance
food near hive no directional info
33
primary functions of communication
attract mates repel rivals
34
why do the same signals that attract females repel males
handicap principle
35
handicap principle
communication signals indicate male quality
36
testosterone & handicap principle
high testosterone is necessary to produce high quality signals but it's expensive (takes a lot of energy) only high quality males can afford it