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BIOLOGY > community ecology - exam 4 > Flashcards

community ecology - exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

community

A

all populations of organisms living close enough together for potential interaction

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2
Q

INTERspecific interacions

A

interactions w/ individuals of DIFFERENT species in the community

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3
Q

coevolution

A

reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species

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4
Q

predation

A

+/- interaction

good for predator
bad for prey

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5
Q

forms of predation

A

herbivory
carnivory
parasitism

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6
Q

defenses agaisnt predators

A

escape

be hard to eat

annoy

be hard to see

mimicry

tell the truth (poison)

herd

be vigilant

mob predator

leave & regrow limbs

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7
Q

batesian mimicry

A

a harmless species mimics a harmful species

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8
Q

aposematic coloration

A

warning coloration

bright colors warns predators that they are poison

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9
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

2 or more harmful species resemble each other

predators don’t have to learn multiple colorations

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10
Q

predator adaptations

A

coevolution

acute senses

speed, agility, jaws, teeth, poison

ambush

attraction

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11
Q

symbiosis

A

interaction between organisms of 2 different species that involves direct physical contact

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12
Q

mutualism

A

+/+

both species benefit

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13
Q

obligate symbiosis

A

when at least 1 of the partners cannot complete its life cycle on its own

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14
Q

facultative symbiosis

A

partners do not necessarily require one another to survive &/or reproduce

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15
Q

endosymbiotic

A

one organisms lives inside another

often obligatory

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16
Q

commensalism

A

+/0

one benefits
the other is neither harmed nor benefits

usually not obligatory

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17
Q

parasitism

A

+/-

one benefits
other suffers but doesn’t usually die

parasites adapt to very specific hosts

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18
Q

competition

A

-/-

can occur when resources are scarce

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19
Q

niche

A

the match of a species to a specific environmental condition

20
Q

when does interspecific competition happen

A

when niches overlap

21
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

2 species that share the same limiting resource cannot coexist indefinitely

1 species will win @ the expense of another

22
Q

fundamental niche

A

if no other species existed, where would you live

bigger

23
Q

realized nich

A

where you’re actually found

smaller

24
Q

how can competitive exclusion be avoided

A

if 1 or both of the species evolve:

to use a diff resource
occupy a diff area of the habitat
feed during diff time of day

25
Q

resource partitioning

A

division of limited resources by species to help avoid competition

26
Q

character displacement

A

greater difference in a trait when 2 species co-occur than when 1 is present by itself

phenotypic differences

ex - same beak = more competition for food

27
Q

species richness

A

total # of species in a community

28
Q

relative abundance

A

proportion that each species represents

29
Q

Shannon Diversity Index

A

takes both species richness & relative abundance into account

higher = greater diversity

30
Q

Shannon Equitability Index

A

metric used to assess how evenly the individuals are distributed among the different organisms present

31
Q

benefits of diversity

A

increased productivity

better able to withstand & recover from disturbance

32
Q

biomass

A

total mass of all organisms in a habitat

33
Q

trophic level

A

organisms that share the same function in the food chain

34
Q

primary producer

A

photosynthesizer

creates all energy that’s passed up the food chain

35
Q

primary consumer

A

grazers
herbivores

36
Q

secondary consumer

A

predators

37
Q

tertiary consumers

A

top predators

38
Q

food webs

A

more realistic model

accounts for omnivores / animals that fulfill more than 1 role

39
Q

ecosystem engineer

A

changes species richness & diversity by changing physical environment

40
Q

dominant species

A

species in a community that are most abundant

41
Q

2 dominant species hypotheses

A

most competitive in exploiting limited resources

most successful @ avoiding disease or predation

42
Q

keystone species

A

big imapct on community structure

not necessarily abundant

ex - sea otter, sea urchin, kelp

43
Q

top down control

A

populations of lower trophic levels are controlled by the organisms at the top

44
Q

bottom up control

A

driven by presence or absence of the producers

45
Q

trophic cascade

A

predators alter behavior of their prey thereby releasing next lower trophic level from predation

46
Q

trophic cascade example

A

increase big fish = decrease little fish

decrease little fish = increase zooplankton

increase zooplankton = decrease algae

BIOLOGY (30 decks)

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