review - exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

polymers found in insects

A

chitin & glycogen

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1
Q

monomers connected together via dehydration synthesis to make cellulose, glycogen, & starch

A

glucose

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2
Q

what role do enzymes play in in building & breaking down macromolecules

A

enzymes act as catalysts that increase the rate of reaction to build up or break down macromolecules

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3
Q

alpha-helix vs beta-sheet structure in proteins

A

both are an example of secondary structure

both may be present in globular proteins

the structure of both are maintained by hydrogen bonding

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4
Q

what type of bond holds the amino acid together

A

peptide

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5
Q

hydrophobic exclusion

A

hydrophobic molecules tend to stick together in water to avoid contact

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6
Q

what is the relationship between a gene & a protein?

A

protein coding genes contain the info to make a protein

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7
Q

why is transcription necessary

A

it makes an RNA copy of the gene

RNA can leave the nucleus & be used in translation

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8
Q

mRNA

A

messenger

carries info used to make proteins

has codons

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9
Q

tRNA

A

transfer

used in translation

connects codons & amino acids

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10
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal

makes up part of ribosomal structure

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11
Q

snRNA

A

small nuclear

involved in RNA splicing

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12
Q

which direction is RNA transcribed

A

5’ - 3’

AWAY from the promoter

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13
Q

explain how eukaryotic mRNAs get out of the nucleus

A

through nuclear pores

polyA binding proteins bind to tail

binding proteins have nuclear export signals which direct the binding proteins & mRNA out of cell

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14
Q

what is alt RNA splicing

A

in different cells & conditions pre-mRNA can be interpreted differently

1 gene –> 1 pre-mRNA –> multiple mature mRNAs –> multiple proteins

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15
Q

how to increase membrane fluidity

A

more unsaturated fatty acids

shorter tails

less proteins

more cholesterol

16
Q

what types of molecules can easily move across a phospholipid bilayer

A

steroids, hormones, & gases

17
Q

what types of molecules have DIFFICULTY passing the bilayer

A

ions & large molecules

18
Q

example of substance moved by simple diffusion

19
Q

example of substance moved by facilitated diffusion

20
Q

example of substance moved by active transport

21
Q

osmosis

A

sometimes proteins (for rapid)

energy needed

movement down concentration gradient

example = water

22
Q

explain how cholesterol enters your cells

A

apo protein on LDL complexes binds to LDL receptors on the plasma membrane

cell brings in the LDL by receptor-mediated endocytosis

LDL can be broken down & LDL receptors are recycled back into membrane

23
Q

what structures make up the endomembrane system

A

transport vesicle

lysosome

golgi apparatus

rough & smooth er

plasma membrane

24
lysosome
molecules broken down by hydrolysis part of endomembrane system
25
peroxisome
molecules broken down by oxidation
26
lines of evidence that support the theory that mitochondria & chloroplasts were once free living prokaryotic cells
same size as avg pro cell have double membranes have ribosomes circular chromosomes divide by the same mechanism as bacteria
27
what produces Okazaki fragments
DNA Pol III
28
what stabilizes the replication bubble
single stranded binding proteins