review - exam 2 Flashcards
G1 checkpoint
growth factor present
cell big enough
dna undamaged
G2 checkpoint
dna replication complete
dna intact
M checkpoint
chromosomes attached to kinetochore MTs
papilloma virus
p53 is degraded & a cell w/ dna damage would be allowed to pass through G1 checkpoint
how many chromosomes in one of your body cells that has duplicated its chromosomes prior to mitosis
46
what does it mean when a trait is dominant
only 1 allele is needed to express a phenotype
1/2 of protein is abnormal – impacts phenotype
what does it mean when a trait is recessive
2 alleles are needed to express a phenotype
1/2 the amount of normal protein – normal phenotype
how do diploid cells have homologus chromosomes
fertilization
how do diploid cells have sister chromatids
DNA replication
2n = 42 cell –> how many chromosomes & chromatids at the end of meiosis I
21 chromosomes & 42 chromatids
translocation
A genetic change in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
x link recessive traits
will only ever see males w/ it – they can only get their X from their mom
not seen in every generation
x linked dominant
seen in every generation
is the lymphatic system involved in digestion/absoprtion/circulation of lipids
yes
where is bile released to emulsify fats
in the small intestine
how does ATP energize cellular processes
by direct chemical transfer of a phosphate group
chemiosmosis
production of proton gradient & movement of protons through ATP synthase
fermentation
happens in the absence of oxygen
glycolosis occurs the same – 2 ATP made
pyruvate processing is different
either produces lactic acid or ethanol
can humans produce ethanol
no
yeast produces it
possible defects when unable to digest fats
bile or pancreatic lipase not doing their job
fewer or smaller microvilli
defect in lacteals
what would happen if salivary glands were missing
chemical digestion in mouth would not occur
lack of mucus –> harming of esophagus
lack of antibacterial agents
countercurrent exchange
1 way flow
respiratory medium - water
ex - fish
what makes countercurrent exchange the most efficient
gradient for oxygen diffusion along the entire respiratory surface
cross current exchange
1 way flow
respiratory medium - air
ex - birds
why is cross current exchange also pretty efficient
gradient for diffusion along MOST of the respiratory surface
tidal flow
2 way flow - mixing stale & fresh air
ex - mammals & amphibians
why is tidal flow not efficient
gradient for oxygen diffusion along only part of the respiratory surface
