review - exam 3

Question 1

what do some animal do instead of a circulatory system

Answer 1

diffusion

gastrovascular cavity

Question 2

capillary beds

Answer 2

provide a large respiratory surface area for exchange

Question 3

what type of animals have a 2 chambered heart

Answer 3

fish

Question 4

what type of animals have a 3 chambered heart

Answer 4

amphibians

Question 5

what type of animals have a 4 chambered heart

Answer 5

mammals

Question 6

main components of 2 chambered heart

Answer 6

atrium & ventricle

Question 7

main components of a 3 chambered heart

Answer 7

left & right atriums

1 ventricle

Question 8

main components of a 4 chambered heart

Answer 8

left & right atriums

left & right ventricles

Question 9

2 chambered heart circulation

Answer 9

single

Question 10

3 chambered heart circulation

Answer 10

double

Question 11

4 chambered heart

Answer 11

double

Question 12

2 chambered heart pros & cons

Answer 12

slow

Question 13

3 chambered heart pros & cons

Answer 13

mixes oxygen rich & poor blood in ventricle

good for intermittent breathers

Question 14

4 chambered heart pros & cons

Answer 14

no mixing of oxygen rich & poor blood

good for endothermic way of life

Question 15

Hb dissociation curve at lungs

Answer 15

lungs have a high partial pressure of oxygen

Hb affinity for oxygen is high
oxygen loads onto Hb

Question 16

Hb dissociation curve at a tissue at rest

Answer 16

partial pressure of oxygen is lower

Hb affinity for oxygen is lower (~70%)
some oxygen is unloaded from Hb

Question 17

Hb dissociation curve at a tissue during exercise

Answer 17

partial pressure of oxygen is very low

Hb affinity for oxygen is very low (<20%)
oxygen rapidly unloads from Hb

Question 18

how does exercising shift curve

Answer 18

when exercising - tissues release CO2 which changes blood pH

causes Hb to change shape & decreases affinity for oxygen

allows for increased O2 unloading = more O2 available for exercising tissues

Question 19

example of deep sea diving adaptation in mammals

Answer 19

enlarged spleen

stores oxygenated blood cells & then releases them into bloodstream during dives

Question 20

hypoxia

Answer 20

oxygen deprivation

Question 21

what pathway is activated by hypoxia

Answer 21

kidney releases EPO hormone

Question 22

how does hypoxia lead to an increase in RBCs

Answer 22

EPO binds to bone marrow, stimulating RBC production

larger number of RBCs increases ability to use O2 efficiently

Question 23

how is EPO utilized by athletes

Answer 23

train @ higher altitudes when competing at sea level

EPO can be injected

Question 24

does integration of info happen in the CNS or PNS

Answer 24

CNS

Question 25

are neurons that stimulate a hormone gland located in the CNS or PNS

Answer 25

PNS

Question 26

why is a resting potential necessary

Answer 26

to put ions under a concentration gradient pressure

Question 27

changes in membrane potential occur because neurons contain what

Answer 27

voltage gated ion channels

Question 28

voltage gated ion channel

Answer 28

opened by an electrical stimulus (change in membrane potential)

Question 29

ligand gated ion channel

Answer 29

open by a chemical stimulus (a substance (ligand) binds to receptor in the ion channel)

Question 30

do transmembrane proteins have ionotropic or metabotropic receptors

Answer 30

both

Question 31

what do hormones do in the nucleus of target cell

Answer 31

gene regulation

Question 32

what do hormones do in the plasma membrane of target cell

Answer 32

cytoplasmic response

Question 33

what hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 33

TSH & ACTH

Question 34

TSH target cell

Answer 34

thyroid

Question 35

ACTH target cell

Answer 35

adrenal cortex

Question 36

non-tropic hormone example

Answer 36

T3 & T4

Question 37

tropic hormone example

Answer 37

TRH TSH ACTH

Question 38

intersexual selection

Answer 38

members of 1 sex choose mates based on particular characteristics

Question 39

intrasexual selection

Answer 39

males fight & the winner mates w/ all the females

Question 40

who cares for offspring in monogamy

Answer 40

mom & dad

Question 41

who cares for offspring in polygamy

Answer 41

mom only

Question 42

what drives the evolution of mating systems

Answer 42

the needs of the young the "certainty" of paternity

Question 43

what are the most abundant glial cells in the brain

Answer 43

astrocytes

Question 44

what happens when an action potential reaches the synaptic terminal in a chemical synapse

Answer 44

influx of Ca2+ in the presynaptic neuron causes vesicles containing neurotransmitters to move to the plasma membrane

Question 45

how can IPSPs be generated

Answer 45

by the opening of ligand gated K+ channels binding of neurotransmitters to ionotropic receptors

Question 46

neurosecretory cells

Answer 46

neurons that release signaling molecules into blood

Question 47

why is oxytocin said to act as a neurotransmitter when it promotes bonding & trust

Answer 47

during this - released into synaptic cleft

Question 48

what is fight or flight triggered by

Answer 48

neurons

Question 49

what do glucocorticoids inhibit

Answer 49

CRH ACTH immune system protein & fat storage