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BIOLOGY > review - exam 3 > Flashcards

review - exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do some animal do instead of a circulatory system

A

diffusion

gastrovascular cavity

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2
Q

capillary beds

A

provide a large respiratory surface area for exchange

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3
Q

what type of animals have a 2 chambered heart

A

fish

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4
Q

what type of animals have a 3 chambered heart

A

amphibians

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5
Q

what type of animals have a 4 chambered heart

A

mammals

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6
Q

main components of 2 chambered heart

A

atrium & ventricle

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7
Q

main components of a 3 chambered heart

A

left & right atriums

1 ventricle

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8
Q

main components of a 4 chambered heart

A

left & right atriums

left & right ventricles

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9
Q

2 chambered heart circulation

A

single

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10
Q

3 chambered heart circulation

A

double

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11
Q

4 chambered heart

A

double

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12
Q

2 chambered heart pros & cons

A

slow

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13
Q

3 chambered heart pros & cons

A

mixes oxygen rich & poor blood in ventricle

good for intermittent breathers

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14
Q

4 chambered heart pros & cons

A

no mixing of oxygen rich & poor blood

good for endothermic way of life

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15
Q

Hb dissociation curve at lungs

A

lungs have a high partial pressure of oxygen

Hb affinity for oxygen is high
oxygen loads onto Hb

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16
Q

Hb dissociation curve at a tissue at rest

A

partial pressure of oxygen is lower

Hb affinity for oxygen is lower (~70%)
some oxygen is unloaded from Hb

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17
Q

Hb dissociation curve at a tissue during exercise

A

partial pressure of oxygen is very low

Hb affinity for oxygen is very low (<20%)
oxygen rapidly unloads from Hb

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18
Q

how does exercising shift curve

A

when exercising - tissues release CO2 which changes blood pH

causes Hb to change shape & decreases affinity for oxygen

allows for increased O2 unloading = more O2 available for exercising tissues

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19
Q

example of deep sea diving adaptation in mammals

A

enlarged spleen

stores oxygenated blood cells & then releases them into bloodstream during dives

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20
Q

hypoxia

A

oxygen deprivation

21
Q

what pathway is activated by hypoxia

A

kidney releases EPO hormone

22
Q

how does hypoxia lead to an increase in RBCs

A

EPO binds to bone marrow, stimulating RBC production

larger number of RBCs increases ability to use O2 efficiently

23
Q

how is EPO utilized by athletes

A

train @ higher altitudes when competing at sea level

EPO can be injected

24
Q

does integration of info happen in the CNS or PNS

A

CNS

25
Q

are neurons that stimulate a hormone gland located in the CNS or PNS

A

PNS

26
Q

why is a resting potential necessary

A

to put ions under a concentration gradient pressure

27
Q

changes in membrane potential occur because neurons contain what

A

voltage gated ion channels

28
Q

voltage gated ion channel

A

opened by an electrical stimulus (change in membrane potential)

29
Q

ligand gated ion channel

A

open by a chemical stimulus (a substance (ligand) binds to receptor in the ion channel)

30
Q

do transmembrane proteins have ionotropic or metabotropic receptors

A

both

31
Q

what do hormones do in the nucleus of target cell

A

gene regulation

32
Q

what do hormones do in the plasma membrane of target cell

A

cytoplasmic response

33
Q

what hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland

A

TSH & ACTH

34
Q

TSH target cell

A

thyroid

35
Q

ACTH target cell

A

adrenal cortex

36
Q

non-tropic hormone example

A

T3 & T4

37
Q

tropic hormone example

A

TRH
TSH
ACTH

38
Q

intersexual selection

A

members of 1 sex choose mates based on particular characteristics

39
Q

intrasexual selection

A

males fight & the winner mates w/ all the females

40
Q

who cares for offspring in monogamy

A

mom & dad

41
Q

who cares for offspring in polygamy

A

mom only

42
Q

what drives the evolution of mating systems

A

the needs of the young

the “certainty” of paternity

43
Q

what are the most abundant glial cells in the brain

A

astrocytes

44
Q

what happens when an action potential reaches the synaptic terminal in a chemical synapse

A

influx of Ca2+ in the presynaptic neuron causes vesicles containing neurotransmitters to move to the plasma membrane

45
Q

how can IPSPs be generated

A

by the opening of ligand gated K+ channels

binding of neurotransmitters to ionotropic receptors

46
Q

neurosecretory cells

A

neurons that release signaling molecules into blood

47
Q

why is oxytocin said to act as a neurotransmitter when it promotes bonding & trust

A

during this - released into synaptic cleft

48
Q

what is fight or flight triggered by

A

neurons

49
Q

what do glucocorticoids inhibit

A

CRH

ACTH

immune system

protein & fat storage

BIOLOGY (30 decks)

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