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BIOLOGY > endocrinology - exam 3 > Flashcards

endocrinology - exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do endocrine systems consist of

A

cells that secrete long-distance signaling molecules into the blood

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2
Q

what are the signaling molecules called

A

hormones

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3
Q

nervous system communication

A

short & voluntary
rapid response

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4
Q

endocrine communication

A

slow & involuntary

travels further but lasts longer

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5
Q

1st endocrinology experiment

A

remove testes on roosters –> not masculinized

remove & replace back into body cavity –> typical male

remove & transplant into body cavity –> typical male

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6
Q

1st experiment conclusion

A

must secrete something & must circulate whole body

testosterone from gonads

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7
Q

hormone

A

chemical messengers

released into bloodstream

act on distant target cells

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8
Q

glucose example

A

glucose is low

endocrine cell in pancreas releases GLUCAGON into bloodstream

acts on target cell = LIVER

response = glucose becomes available

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9
Q

endocrine system

A

consists of all hormone-secreting cells

access to entire body

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10
Q

some parts of endocrine system

A

hypothalamus & pituitary gland

thyroid gland

adrenal glands

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11
Q

what surrounds endocrine glands

A

blood vessels

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12
Q

why do hormones only affect certain cells

A

hormones bind to target cells

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13
Q

where are hormone receptors located

A

can be in the plasma membrane or inside the cell

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14
Q

synaptic signaling

A

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses & trigger responses in target tissues

neurons, muscles, glands

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15
Q

endocrine signaling

A

secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream & trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body

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16
Q

3 major classes of hormones

A

amines

peptides/proteins

steroids

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17
Q

peptide/protein/amine

A

water soluable

travel well through blood not lipids

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18
Q

where are water soluable hormones stored

A

vesicles

secreted through exocytosis

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19
Q

where do water soluble hormones bind

A

receptors in the plasma membrane

activate signal transduction pathways

rapid responses

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20
Q

water soluble hormone example

A

glucagon (peptide)

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21
Q

steroid

A

lipid soluble

travel well through lipids not blood

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22
Q

where are lipid soluble hormones stored

A

not stored

made on demand

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23
Q

how are lipid soluble hormones transported

A

through blood by transport proteins

24
Q

where do lipid soluble hormones bind

A

receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus

slow gene transcription effects
can have rapid effects too

25
Q

lipid soluble hormone example

A

testosterone

26
Q

what structure is key for the brain to interact with the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland

27
Q

neurosecretory cells

A

neurons that release chemicals (hormones) into blood vessels

28
Q

neuroendocrine signaling

A

neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream & trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body

29
Q

how is post pituitary connected to the brain

A

directly connected to the brain

30
Q

how is ant pituitary connected to the brain

A

connected by vessels

31
Q

what 2 hormones are secreted by the post pituitary

A

ADH & oxytocin

32
Q

oxytocin

A

regulates maternal activities
- stimulates uterine contractions –> receptors appear in uterus at time of birth = upregulation
- stimulates milk ejection –> positive feedback
- promotes bonding

oxytocin from bloodstream does not readily enter the brain

33
Q

receptor upregulation

A

makes tissue more sensitive to a signaling molecule

34
Q

receptor downregulation

A

makes tissue less sensitive

35
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic conserves body water (decreases urination)

alc & caffeine disrupt – they are diuretics

acts on kidney

36
Q

ant pituitary gland

A

neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release releasing hormones

portal vessels

37
Q

releasing hormones

A

inhibiting

release ant pituitary hormones

38
Q

tropic effects

A

cause other endocrine cells to release hormones

39
Q

thyroid hormone pathway

A

cold

TRH released from neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus

move through portal vessels into ant pituitary gland

bind to TRH receptors – stimulates release of TSH

move into thyroid gland

bind to TSH receptors – stimulated release of Thyroid hormones T3 & T4

T3 & T4 move to target cells & bind to receptors –T3 & T4 receptors in most body cells

warm up

40
Q

negative feedback in thyroid hormone pathway

A

increased levels of hormones signal the hypothalamus to stop secreting TRH & the ant pituitary to stop synthesizing TSH

41
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

too much thyroid hormone

feel hot, lose weight, irritable

42
Q

cause of hyperthyroidism

A

graves’ disease - immune system stimulates TSH receptors causing thyroid hormone release

43
Q

hypothyroidism

A

not enough thyroid hormone

feel cold, gain weight, tired

44
Q

cause of hypothyroidism

A

lack of iodine in diet

45
Q

goiter

A

enlarged thyroid gland

46
Q

where are steroid hormones secreted from

A

adrenal cortex of adrenal gland

slow response

47
Q

where are amine hormones secreted from

A

adrenal medulla of adrenal gland

fast response

adrenaline

48
Q

which hormones & pathways are involved in fight or flight

A

adrenal medulla

amine hormones

provides energy for quick response

49
Q

adaptive responses of adrenaline

A

increase blood glucose

increase blood pressure

increase breathing rate

increase blood flow to brain, heart, muscles

decrease digestive processes

50
Q

What happens to “fight or flight” hormones in students before, during, and after an
exam

A

before - up & down, overall up

during - spikes

after - immediate decrease then gradual

51
Q

long term stress response

A

stress

hypothalamus releases CRH through portal vessel into ant pituitary

stimulates release of ACTH from ant pituitary through portal vessels into adrenal cortex

adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids

negative feedback

52
Q

glucocorticoids

A

break down proteins & fats & convert to glucose – increase blood glucose

suppress immune system

inhibit growth & reproduction

53
Q

main glucocorticoid released in humans

A

cortisol

54
Q

main glucocorticoid released in birds & rats

A

corticosterone

55
Q

how is stress response adaptive

A

makes glucose available & moving it to critical regions

increases alertness

“brakes” immune system

decreases investment in long term “expensive” projects

56
Q

why is stress considered harmful

A

when stressors last longer than they were evolved for

no energy for immediate use - fatigue

problems w reporduction

immune system suppression - sick

can affect memory

BIOLOGY (30 decks)

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