endocrinology - exam 3

Question 1

what do endocrine systems consist of

Answer 1

cells that secrete long-distance signaling molecules into the blood

Question 2

what are the signaling molecules called

Answer 2

hormones

Question 3

nervous system communication

Answer 3

short & voluntary
rapid response

Question 4

endocrine communication

Answer 4

slow & involuntary

travels further but lasts longer

Question 5

1st endocrinology experiment

Answer 5

remove testes on roosters –> not masculinized

remove & replace back into body cavity –> typical male

remove & transplant into body cavity –> typical male

Question 6

1st experiment conclusion

Answer 6

must secrete something & must circulate whole body

testosterone from gonads

Question 7

hormone

Answer 7

chemical messengers

released into bloodstream

act on distant target cells

Question 8

glucose example

Answer 8

glucose is low

endocrine cell in pancreas releases GLUCAGON into bloodstream

acts on target cell = LIVER

response = glucose becomes available

Question 9

endocrine system

Answer 9

consists of all hormone-secreting cells

access to entire body

Question 10

some parts of endocrine system

Answer 10

hypothalamus & pituitary gland

thyroid gland

adrenal glands

Question 11

what surrounds endocrine glands

Answer 11

blood vessels

Question 12

why do hormones only affect certain cells

Answer 12

hormones bind to target cells

Question 13

where are hormone receptors located

Answer 13

can be in the plasma membrane or inside the cell

Question 14

synaptic signaling

Answer 14

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses & trigger responses in target tissues

neurons, muscles, glands

Question 15

endocrine signaling

Answer 15

secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream & trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body

Question 16

3 major classes of hormones

Answer 16

amines

peptides/proteins

steroids

Question 17

peptide/protein/amine

Answer 17

water soluable

travel well through blood not lipids

Question 18

where are water soluable hormones stored

Answer 18

vesicles

secreted through exocytosis

Question 19

where do water soluble hormones bind

Answer 19

receptors in the plasma membrane

activate signal transduction pathways

rapid responses

Question 20

water soluble hormone example

Answer 20

glucagon (peptide)

Question 21

steroid

Answer 21

lipid soluble

travel well through lipids not blood

Question 22

where are lipid soluble hormones stored

Answer 22

not stored

made on demand

Question 23

how are lipid soluble hormones transported

Answer 23

through blood by transport proteins

Question 24

where do lipid soluble hormones bind

Answer 24

receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus

slow gene transcription effects
can have rapid effects too

Question 25

lipid soluble hormone example

Answer 25

testosterone

Question 26

what structure is key for the brain to interact with the endocrine system

Answer 26

pituitary gland

Question 27

neurosecretory cells

Answer 27

neurons that release chemicals (hormones) into blood vessels

Question 28

neuroendocrine signaling

Answer 28

neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream & trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body

Question 29

how is post pituitary connected to the brain

Answer 29

directly connected to the brain

Question 30

how is ant pituitary connected to the brain

Answer 30

connected by vessels

Question 31

what 2 hormones are secreted by the post pituitary

Answer 31

ADH & oxytocin

Question 32

oxytocin

Answer 32

regulates maternal activities - stimulates uterine contractions --> receptors appear in uterus at time of birth = upregulation - stimulates milk ejection --> positive feedback - promotes bonding oxytocin from bloodstream does not readily enter the brain

Question 33

receptor upregulation

Answer 33

makes tissue more sensitive to a signaling molecule

Question 34

receptor downregulation

Answer 34

makes tissue less sensitive

Question 35

ADH

Answer 35

antidiuretic conserves body water (decreases urination) alc & caffeine disrupt -- they are diuretics acts on kidney

Question 36

ant pituitary gland

Answer 36

neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release releasing hormones portal vessels

Question 37

releasing hormones

Answer 37

inhibiting release ant pituitary hormones

Question 38

tropic effects

Answer 38

cause other endocrine cells to release hormones

Question 39

thyroid hormone pathway

Answer 39

cold TRH released from neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus move through portal vessels into ant pituitary gland bind to TRH receptors -- stimulates release of TSH move into thyroid gland bind to TSH receptors -- stimulated release of Thyroid hormones T3 & T4 T3 & T4 move to target cells & bind to receptors --T3 & T4 receptors in most body cells warm up

Question 40

negative feedback in thyroid hormone pathway

Answer 40

increased levels of hormones signal the hypothalamus to stop secreting TRH & the ant pituitary to stop synthesizing TSH

Question 41

hyperthyroidism

Answer 41

too much thyroid hormone feel hot, lose weight, irritable

Question 42

cause of hyperthyroidism

Answer 42

graves' disease - immune system stimulates TSH receptors causing thyroid hormone release

Question 43

hypothyroidism

Answer 43

not enough thyroid hormone feel cold, gain weight, tired

Question 44

cause of hypothyroidism

Answer 44

lack of iodine in diet

Question 45

goiter

Answer 45

enlarged thyroid gland

Question 46

where are steroid hormones secreted from

Answer 46

adrenal cortex of adrenal gland slow response

Question 47

where are amine hormones secreted from

Answer 47

adrenal medulla of adrenal gland fast response adrenaline

Question 48

which hormones & pathways are involved in fight or flight

Answer 48

adrenal medulla amine hormones provides energy for quick response

Question 49

adaptive responses of adrenaline

Answer 49

increase blood glucose increase blood pressure increase breathing rate increase blood flow to brain, heart, muscles decrease digestive processes

Question 50

What happens to “fight or flight” hormones in students before, during, and after an exam

Answer 50

before - up & down, overall up during - spikes after - immediate decrease then gradual

Question 51

long term stress response

Answer 51

stress hypothalamus releases CRH through portal vessel into ant pituitary stimulates release of ACTH from ant pituitary through portal vessels into adrenal cortex adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids negative feedback

Question 52

glucocorticoids

Answer 52

break down proteins & fats & convert to glucose -- increase blood glucose suppress immune system inhibit growth & reproduction

Question 53

main glucocorticoid released in humans

Answer 53

cortisol

Question 54

main glucocorticoid released in birds & rats

Answer 54

corticosterone

Question 55

how is stress response adaptive

Answer 55

makes glucose available & moving it to critical regions increases alertness "brakes" immune system decreases investment in long term "expensive" projects

Question 56

why is stress considered harmful

Answer 56

when stressors last longer than they were evolved for no energy for immediate use - fatigue problems w reporduction immune system suppression - sick can affect memory