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Transcription Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where does transcription take place in eukaryotes?

A

in the nucleus

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2
Q

what does transcription produce?

A

pre- mRNA

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3
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

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4
Q

how many RNA polymerases do eukaryotes have? and which is used for mRNA synthesis?

A

3 in their nuclei and polymerase ll is used

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5
Q

what are the 3 stages of transcription?

A

1) initiation
2) elongation
3) termination

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6
Q

what happens in the initiation stage?

A

RNA polymerase binds to the promotor and initiates synthesis and the DNA strands unwind

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7
Q

what is different about the initiation stage in eukaryotes in comparison to prokaryotes?

A

transcription factors mediate the binding of RNA polymerase by binding to the TATA box

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8
Q

what happens in the elongation stage?

A

polymerases move downstream unwinding the DNA and RNA polymerase transcribes the DNA

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9
Q

what happens in the termination stage?

A

RNA transcript is released and polymerase detaches

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10
Q

what signals termination in eukaryotes?

A

polyadenylation sequences - UTRS

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11
Q

what happens during modification of pre-mRNA in eukaryote?

A

5 prime end receives a 5 prime cap and 3 prime end receives a poly a tail

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12
Q

what 3 things do the modifications facilitate?

A
  • export into the cytoplasm
  • protection from hydrolytic enzymes
  • help ribosomes attach to 5 prime end
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13
Q

what is the function of the UTRs?

A

ribosome building - not translated into proteins

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14
Q

what are non coding regions called?

A

introns

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15
Q

what happens to introns?

A

they are spliced out by spliceosomes

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16
Q

how does the spliceosome know where to cut intron?

A

they have base pairs which complementary to specific nucleotides on the introns

17
Q

what is alternative RNA splicing?

A

different introns are spliced out producing different exons coding for different proteins

18
Q

what is the advantage of alternative RNA splicing?

A

the number of proteins an organism can produce is much greater than the number of genes

19
Q

what does it mean that the genetic code is degenerate?

A

amino acids can be coded for by more than one codon

20
Q

what is unique in protein coding in prokaryotes?

A

coupling of transcription and translation and the DNA is not segregated from the ribosomes

Biology (35 decks)

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