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Biology > Evolution SJ > Flashcards

Evolution SJ Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name 2 things that are evidence for evolution?

A

1) diversity

2) adaptation

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2
Q

what are homologous characters?

A

traits inherited from a common ancestor but may now serve different functions

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3
Q

define gene frequency

A

proportional representation of a gene in the population

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4
Q

3 rules of mendelian inheritance

A

1) heredity is not blending
2) acquired characters are not inherited
3) it does not produce a change in gene frequency

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5
Q

what is the hardy Weinburg equilibrium?

A

gene frequency in a population that is not evolving - no change in gene frequency

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6
Q

5 conditions for hardy weinburg

A

1) infinite population size with no genetic drift
2) no mutation
3) mendelian inheritence
4) no selection
5) random mating

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7
Q

what is sexual selection?

A

traits which favour males/females getting mates e.g attractiveness traits

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8
Q

definition of adaptation

A

evolutionary change that fits an organism to its habitat

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9
Q

3 factors necessary for selection

A

1) multiplication - struggle for existence
2) variation
3) inheritence

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10
Q

what are discontinuous characters?

A

determined by one set of genes - distributions don’t overlap

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11
Q

what are continuous characters?

A

determined by multiple genes

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12
Q

define neodarwinism

A

natural selection + mendelian inheritence

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13
Q

What is directional selection?

A

the mean value moves

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14
Q

what is stabilising selection?

A

the variation is reduced and the mean value stays the same

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15
Q

what is disruptive selection?

A

no intermediate - two distinct groups

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16
Q

describe batsman mimicry

A

certain organisms mimic the look of others which have feature to defend against predators e.g. wasps have stings so predators learn to stay away so others without this ability mimic the look or wasps

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17
Q

what is temporal environmental variation?

A

change in weather conditions causing organisms to adapt

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18
Q

define fitness

A

genetic contribution to subsequent generations

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19
Q

how can fitness be measured

A

as lifetime reproductive sucess

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20
Q

what is intrasexual selection?

A

between a gender e.g. males stronger to fight other males

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21
Q

what is inter sexual selection?

A

between the genders - males attracting females by good genes and access to resources

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22
Q

what is polyandry?

A

when a female has many sexual partners

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23
Q

what is monogamy?

A

one partner no sexual dimorphism

24
Q

what is polygamy?

A

when males and females have multiple sexual partners - sexual dimorphism

25
Q

what is polygyny?

A

when a male has many sexual partners

26
Q

describe altruistic behaviour?

A

behaviour which benefits other individuals at a cost to the altruistic individual

27
Q

the rate of individual selection is determined by…

A

the length of a generation

28
Q

the rate of group selection is determined by…

A

the length of a groups generation

29
Q

how did altruism evolve?

A

it is selfish at the level of the gene - altruistic individuals help other altruistic individuals so the altruistic gene continues in population

30
Q

what is hamiltons rule?

A

rb>C

31
Q

what is kin selection?

A

where helping kins breed has same genetic output as breeding itself

32
Q

what is micro evolution?

A

changes within a species

33
Q

what is speciation?

A

splitting one species into two

34
Q

explain gene flow

A

exchange of genes between populations as a result of movement and interbreeding of individuals

35
Q

what are 2 theories of speciation?

A

1) divergence - species adapt to different environments

2) reproductive isolation - populations can’t interbreed

36
Q

what is allopatric speciation?

A

isolation then divergence - environmental change causing different selection pressures

37
Q

what is sympatric speciation?

A

divergence then isolation - disruptive selection outweighs the effect of gene flow

38
Q

what is gradualism?

A

natural selection acting on a species to produce a gradual change in a species until speciation occurs

39
Q

an example of a good fossil record?

A

solenhofen limestone - lake with no oxygen so bodies didn’t decompose

40
Q

what is divergent evolution?

A

when lineages split and separate but share a common ancestor

41
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

not closely related species all exploiting similar resources

42
Q

what is adaptive radiation?

A

the evolution of character that allow exploitation of a new habitat

43
Q

what is mass extinction?

A

a period of geological time when extinction rate peaks

44
Q

what is local extinction?

A

loss of a population from a particular geographical area

45
Q

describe racial senescence

A

species undergo a lifecycle like individuals , orthogenesis- variation follows a particular direction

46
Q

3 reasons that may explain why species have gone extinct

A

1) racial senescence
2) competition from better adapted species
3) environmental change

47
Q

what are the 5 mass extinctions?

A

1) ordovician - marine invertebrates
2) devonian - marine invertebrates and fish
3) permian - marine invertebrates, trilobites , reptiles
4) triassic - marine invertebrates, freshwater fish, reptiles, insects
5) cretaceous - marine invertebrates, ammonites, marsupials, belemnites, plesiosaurs, Mosasaurs, Pterosaurs, Dinosaurs

48
Q

describe the cretaceous extinction and evidence for it

A

asteroid impact - KT boundary where fossils of dinosaurs are no longer found

49
Q

describe a selfish gene

A

anything that a gene can do to favour its own spread at the expense of others will be favoured by selection

50
Q

altruism is only favoured by evolution if…

A

it increases rate of spread of a gene

51
Q

describe dawkins green beard selection example

A

where altruistic genes are linked to an obvious phenotype so individuals act altruistically towards others with the same phenotype trait - doesn’t require relatedness

52
Q

what is cooperative behaviour?

A

individuals cooperate for their own selfish reasons

53
Q

cooperation only evolves when…

A

the behaviour causes it to spread faster and increase the fitness of an individual

54
Q

what are 3 human acts causing extinction?

A

1) hunting
2) introduction of alien species
3) habitat loss by human activities e.g. logging

55
Q

what is phylogenetic niche conservatism?

A

species inherit their niches from their ancestors

56
Q

what is phylogenetic diversity?

A

the total amount of evolutionary history shared by a group of species

57
Q

which species are best to try and conserve from extinction?

A
  • broad phylogenetic diversity because more closely related species share similar extinction risks
  • evolutionary distinct species to save them

Biology (35 decks)

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