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Biology > Plant Biodiversity > Flashcards

Plant Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are charophyceans?

A

closest algal relatives to plants

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2
Q

what is the advantage of sporopollenin?

A

prevents exposed zygotes from drying out so aided in the evolution of land plants

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3
Q

what is the monophyletic group name of land plants?

A

embryophytes

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4
Q

how many times did embryophytes evolve and what from?

A

the evolved only once and from freshwater aquatic multicellular algae

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5
Q

what are 4 traits shared between land plants and charophyceans?

A

1) rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
2) peroxisome enzymes
3) structure of flagellated sperm
4) formation of phragmoplast in cytokinesis

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6
Q

what are 5 problems with moving from aquatic habitats to land?

A

1) water balance
2) availability of nutrients and gases
3) support
4) UV protection
5) reproductive strategy

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7
Q

what are the 2 main clades of land plants?

A

1) bryophytes

2) tracheophytes

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8
Q

what are features of bryophytes?

A
  • non vascular plants

- gametophyte dominant

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9
Q

what are features of tracheophytes?

A
  • vascular plants

- sporophyte dominant

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10
Q

3 non vascular plants?

A

1) liverworts
2) mosses
3) hornworts

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11
Q

3 types of vascular plants groups?

A

1) free sporing plants
2) angiosperms - flower seed plants
3) gymnosperms - seed plants

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12
Q

what are apical meristems?

A

localised regions of cell division - help growth of root and stems

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13
Q

explain alternation of generations?

A

multicellular haploid (gametophyte dominant) and multicellular diploid (sporophyte dominant) stages of the lifecycle

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14
Q

what is the job of the sporangium?

A

protects developing spores from harm

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15
Q

what are the male and female reproductive organs called?

A

1) archegonia - female

2) antheridia - male

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16
Q

why are land plants called embryophytes?

A

they have multicellular dependent embryos with placental cells that transfer nutrients from parent to embryo

17
Q

what are bryophytes reproductive strategy?

A

they are homosporous

18
Q

what are the 2 main things which make up a bryophyte gametophyte and how are they anchored?

A

1) gametophore
2) protonema
anchored by rhizoids

19
Q

what does a bryophyte sporophyte consist of and what are their jobs?

A

1) a foot - absorbs nutrients from parental gametophytes
2) a seta - conducts materials to sporangium
3) a sporangium - produces spores by meiosis

20
Q

what is a calyptra?

A

protective cap for sporangium which is shed when sporangium is mature

21
Q

what is a peristome and its job?

A

tooth like structures for gradual spore discharge

22
Q

which sporophytes have stomata for gas exchange?

A

mosses and hornworts

23
Q

what are isospores?

A

spore exhibiting no sexual dimorphism

24
Q

how are mosses able to live in extreme habitats?

A

they can survive loss of most of their body water and rehydrate when water is available so can live in cold or dry habitats

25
Q

what is the benefit of phenolic compounds in mosses cell walls?

A

absorb damaging levels of radiation

26
Q

how do peat bogs prevent decay and what do they store?

A

low nutrients and temperatures and they store organic carbon

27
Q

what are the most primitive extant vascular plants?

A

lycopsids

28
Q

why are tracheophytes more adapted for life on land than bryophytes?

A

because the sporophyte stage is dominant over gametophyte stage and sporophyte has lignified conducting tissues providing support

29
Q

are lycopsids homosporous or heterosporous?

A

both

30
Q

what is the job of the xylem and phloem?

A

xylem conducts most of the water and minerals

phloem has living sugar conducting cells and transports amino acids

31
Q

what are tracheids?

A

tube shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from the roots

32
Q

what are the 2 most abundant polymers in plants?

A

1) cellulose

2) lignin

33
Q

what is the difference between microphyll and megaphyll leaves ?

A

microphylls - spine shaped leaves with single veins

megaphylls - highly branched vascular system with much greater photosynthetic activity

34
Q

what are sporophylls?

A

modified leaves that bear sporangia

35
Q

what is an advantage of heterosporous plants?

A

due to the megaspore and sperm needing to land near each other which has low probability it encourages outbreeding which speeds up evolution and it doesn’t need damp to reproduce so opens up more land habitats

36
Q

what are 4 points of significance of seedless vascular plants?

A

1) formed first forests in carboniferous period
2) increased photosynthesis = removal of CO2 = global cooling
3) formed peat bogs which drove the industrial revolution and ice age world into greenhouse world
4) end or permian arborescent lycopsids became extinct leaving herbaceous forms present today

Biology (35 decks)

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