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Biology > Angiosperms > Flashcards

Angiosperms Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do flowering plants bear seeds?

A

within an ovary (fruit)

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2
Q

what does the radiation of angiosperms mark?

A

the transition from the mesozoic to the cenozoic era

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3
Q

what is the name of the female reproductive part and what does it consist of?

A

carpel/ pistil and consists of stigma or style leading to the ovary at the base

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4
Q

what is the name of the male reproductive part and what does it consist of?

A

stamen consisting of filament and anther

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5
Q

what is the job of the fruit?

A

protecting dormant seeds and aiding in their dispersal

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6
Q

when did angiosperms arise?

A

early cretaceous

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7
Q

what are the 2 main clades making up 98% of angiosperms?

A

eudicots and monocots

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8
Q

how many cotyledons do monocots and eudicots have and what are they?

A

monocots=1
eudicots = 2
they are seed leaves

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9
Q

what is the difference between monocot and eudicot veins?

A 
monocots = parallel 
eudicots = net
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10
Q

what is the difference between monocot and eudicot stomata?

A 
monocot = in lines equal in both surfaces - good control live in drier places 
eudicots = scattered - not so good at controlling water balance
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11
Q

what is the difference between monocot and eudicot stem vasculature?

A 
monocots = in bundles throughout stem
eudicots = continuous ring near surface
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12
Q

where is the cambium present?

A

only in eudicots meaning they can grow bigger

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13
Q

what is the difference between monocot and eudicot roots?

A 
monocots= fibrous 
eudicots = tap root - stronger
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14
Q

what is the difference between monocot and eudicot flower structure?

A 
monocots = multiples of 3 parts 
eudicots = 4 or 5 parts
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15
Q

what is the difference between monocot and eudicot pollen grains?

A 
monocots = 1 single pore
eudicots = 3 pores
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16
Q

which seeds are better in favourable and stressful environments?

A

small seeds and lots of them in favourable environments and few large seeds with lots of resources in stressful environments

17
Q

what are the 6 things which determine seed size?

A

1) size of parent
2) form of parent
3) dispersal mode
4) environment
5) predation risk
6) lifestyle

18
Q

what are 3 features of island seeds so they don’t end up in the sea?

A

1) bigger
2) heavier
3) harder to disperse eg reduced mechanisms for wind dispersal

19
Q

which are the hormones which promote and break dormancy?

A

auxin promotes and gibberellins break

20
Q

what are the 4 advantages of seed dispersal?

A

1) avoid competition with kin
2) avoid interbreeding
3) exploit new habitats
4) relationships with animals and environment

21
Q

what is anemochory?

A

dispersal by wind

22
Q

what is hydrochory?

A

dispersal by water

23
Q

what are the 3 different zoochory dispersals by animals?

A

1) endozoochory - in the animal
2) epizoochory - on the animals
3) synzoochory - deliberate moving of the seed

24
Q

what is the equation for seed fitness?

A

fitness = number x survival

25
Q

what is the difference between perennial and annual plants?

A

perennials repeat many reproductive cycles and live for more than 2 years and annuals have one big bang reproduction and then die

26
Q

what is masting and why does it occur?

A

synchronised flowering over large areas either to increase recruitment after a fire or to over supply predators

27
Q

are angiosperms heterosporous or homosporous?

A

heterosporous

28
Q

describe the development process to form pollen

A

single diploid nucleus splits by meiosis to form 4 haploid nuclei which each become a pollen grain, each pollen grain splits by mitosis to form a tube cell and a generative cell

29
Q

describe the development process to form embryos

A

single diploid nucleus splits by meiosis to form 4 haploid nuclei and one survives and splits by mitosis to form 8 haploid nuclei within 7 cells

30
Q

what is the names of the 7 cells in an embryo sac and how many of each?

A

2 synergid cells
1 egg cell
3 antipodal cells
2 polar nuclei within 1 cell

31
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of abiotic pollination?

A

advantages - not costly

disadvantages - random process

32
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of biotic pollination?

A

advantages - accurate

disadvantages - very costly to make fruits

33
Q

describe the process of fertilisation?

A
  • when pollen cell meets the stigma the generative cell splits again by mitosis to form 2 sperm cells
  • one pollen nucleus fuses with one egg cell
  • other pollen nucleus fuses with 2 polar nuclei giving rise to endosperm
34
Q

what is an endosperm?

A

a triploid tissue which feeds the seedling

35
Q

how do plants avoid self pollination?

A

each plant has 2 copies of an S gene and if pollen reaches stigma with same copy of S allele the pollen tube doesn’t grow

Biology (35 decks)

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