m+c 11 bio technology Flashcards
4 uses of biotechnology
1) treatment of disease
2) industrialisation e.g. food, washing
3) environmental e.g. breaking down oil spill
4) nutrition
where did insulin used to be isolated from and what was the problem with this?
cattle and pigs pancreas but couldn’t produce enough for demand and some humans allergic due to couple amino acids different
what is insulin made out of?
2 chains connected by a disulphide bond
what needs to be done to insulin chains from e coli?
they must be purified because e coli is a prokaryote so doesn’t carry out any PTMs
what are problems with yeast pro insulin?
1) broken down fast in humans
2) yeast has different PTMS compared to humans
4 stages of the method that was used to clone a genome before PCR was invented or is still used due to the extreme length of some genomes?
1) fragment the genome using different restriction enzymes
2) package them into bacterial artificial chromosomes
3) take plasmid with artificial chromosome and transform it into a cell and store in bacterial lineages
4) screen each bacterial lineages to see if they are
how do you find your gene of interest in a BAC library?
use nucleic acid hybridisation to make a complementary sequence for the gene you are looking for and attach it with a radioactive probe to identify it - then denature DNA so it is single stranded and put on nylon membrane and then you are able to identify were the probe has attached
what is rennet?
complex of enzymes (proteases) chymosin, pepsin, lipase
how is chymosin B produced?
gene is transferred into bacteria and fungi and then protein undergoes fermentation and is extracted
where were proteases initially isolated from?
veals stomachs
what are 4 advantaged of rennet?
1) kosher/ vegetarian
2) higher yield
3) better texture
4) less bitter
what is an advantage of naked DNA (PCR product)?
it can be shot into plant cells
what is an agrobacterium and what does it do?
where part of a plasmid (tDNA) is transformed into a plant cell causing plant cells to replicate and form a callus which excretes sugars that the bacteria uses to grow so can be manipulated to produce callus tissues with genes of your choice
describe the process of using agrobacteriums for herbicides
add tDNA with herbicide in vector to flowering plant but remove cytokinin and auxin - seeds which grow are transformed seeds
what are the harmful effects of vitamin A deficiency?
blindness and lack of defense against disease
