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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

Classification of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics (KPCOFGS)

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2
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary development and history of a species and the relationships between taxa.

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3
Q

3 reasons why the fossil record is incomplete?

A

1) low preservation potential
2) small population size
3) inhabit a small geological area

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4
Q

how does an analogous character arise?

A

convergent evolution

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5
Q

how does a homologous character arise?

A

similarity due to common ancestry

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6
Q

what are synplesiomorphies?

A

shared ancestral characters

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7
Q

what are synapomorphies?

A

shared derived characters

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8
Q

what are Autapomorphies?

A

character unique to a taxon

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9
Q

what is a monophyletic group?

A

Contains the latest common ancestor plus all, and only all, of its descendents

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10
Q

what is a paraphyletic group?

A

remains after one or more parts of a monophyletic group have been removed

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11
Q

what is a polyphyletic group?

A

A group in which the most recent common ancestor is assigned to some other group and not the group itself

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12
Q

what is the eight kingdom system?

A

1) bacteria
2) Archaea
3) Archaeozoa
4) Protista
5) chromista
6) Anamalia
7) Plantae
8) fungi

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13
Q

what are the two types of prokaryote?

A

1) Eubacteria

2) archaebacteria

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14
Q

what conditions do archaebacteria inhabit?

A

extreme

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15
Q

3 reasons why is it believed that prokaryotes originated before eukaryotes?

A

1) they appear earlier in the fossil record
2) they are simpler in every aspect
3) there is evidence eukaryotes developed from prokaryotes

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16
Q

Name two similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

1) The method of transmitting information in triplet code in DNA and translating it into proteins through RNA
2) all amino acids are laevo-rotatory and in nucleic acids all the sugars are dextro-rotatory

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17
Q

What 4 chemicals did the miller urey experiment produce?

A

1) amino acids
2) purines/pyrimidines
3) sugars
4) porphyrins

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18
Q

What are the 4 possible energy sources to produce the primordial soup?

A

1) sun
2) lightening
3) volcanic
4) radioactivity

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19
Q

What came first DNA or proteins?

A

Proteins produced by RNA self splicing

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20
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Proteins

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21
Q

Where do chemoheterotrophs get their carbon source and energy from?

A

consuming organic molecules

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22
Q

Where do chemoautotrophs get their carbon source and energy from?

A

carbon source- CO2

energy from oxidising inorganic substances

23
Q

Where do photoautotrophs get their carbon source and energy from?

A

carbon source - CO2

energy source - from light

24
Q

Where for photoheterotrophs get their carbon source and energy from?

A

carbon source from organic material

energy source - light

25
Q

what are obligate anaerobes?

A

live exclusively be anaerobic respiration

26
Q

what are obligate aerobes?

A

use exclusively oxygen for cellular respiration

27
Q

what are facultative aerobes?

A

use oxygen if present but can grow by fermentation in an anaerobic environment

28
Q

what are the 3 types on fossil evidence for prokaryotes?

A

1) fossil stromatolites
2) fossil microorganisms
3) carbonaceous matter

29
Q

how are fossil microganisms preserved?

A

in rocks

30
Q

how are fossil stromatolites formed?

A

in hyper saline conditions

31
Q

what byproduct do cyanobacteria produce from the process of metabolism?

A

oxygen

32
Q

what was produced when oxygen reached with dissolved iron in the ocean?

A

banded iron formations - BIFS

33
Q

what is a facultative organism?

A

able to live in anaerobic and aerobic condittions

34
Q

explain endosymbiosis of mitochondria?

A
  • eukaryotes engulfed prokaryotic mitochondria

- anaerobe benefited from aerobic mitochondria in changing atmospheric conditions

35
Q

4 similarities between mitochondria/plastids and prokaryotes

A

1) inner membranes have enzymes homologous to those found in living prokaryotes
2) splitting process similar to binary fission
3) both contain circular DNA not associated with histones or proteins
4) mitochondria/plastids contain tRNA and ribosomes more similar to prokaryotes than eukaryotes

36
Q

what is it though the flagella and cilia originate from?

A

spirochaete bacteria - process of mitosis may be part of symbiosis from similar microtutubles

37
Q

how does variation arise from mitosis asexual reproduction?

A

only variation is due to mutation

38
Q

how does variation arises from meiosis sexual reproduction?

A

mutation , crossing over and independent assortment

39
Q

what are the advantages of sex?

A

can combine advantageous mutations and shed harmful ones

40
Q

when did sex evolve?

A

atleast 1.2 billions years ago

41
Q

how old is the Earth?

A

4.6 billion years

42
Q

what is an advantage or multicellular organisms?

A

division of labour

43
Q

when did multicellular life evolve?

A

a billion years ago and several times to form different biological groups e.g. plants protists fungi

44
Q

what is a problem with sex?

A

very inefficient

45
Q

four main theories to why sex evolved?

A

1) adapting to change by evolving faster
2) historical accident
3) method of fending off disease
4) method of repairing genes - all genes need to line up in crossing over so if there is a problem the harmful mutation isn’t passed on

46
Q

what is the cambrian explosion of animal life?

A

fossils appear at the same time worldwide filling numerous animal phyla with preservable hard parts

47
Q

what are the 2 thought causes of the cambrian explosion?

A

1) change in co2 and o2 conditions

2) predation caused animals to evolve hard parts for protection

48
Q

what are 4 features of a metazoan?

A

1) multicellular body
2) can manufacture protein collagen
3) reproductive cycle with gametes
4) has a nervous system

49
Q

what is the difference between diploblastic organisms and triploblastic?

A

triploblastic have 3 germ layers and mesoderm layer allows them to develop organs
diploblastic - have 2 embryonic cell layers

50
Q

how do edicaran organisms feed?

A

1) photosynthetic algae
2) take in through body wall
3) chemosymbiosis

51
Q

what was life like in the late precambrian?

A

edicaran animals inhabit sea floor - triploblastic present but very small

52
Q

what was life like in the early middle cambrian?

A

triploblastic predators evolve - most edicaran organisms become extinct or evolve hard shalls

53
Q

what changes happened to organisms in the late cambrian?

A

predators more efficient and multicellular organisms evolve better armour and exploit more niches

Biology (35 decks)

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