Animal biodiversity 1 Flashcards
what is the 5 kingdom classification?
1) monera
2) protists
3) plantae
4) fungi
5) animalia
what are monera?
prokaryotes
what are protists?
unicellular eukaryotes and algae
what defines plantae?
multicellular photosynthetic cell walls
what defines fungi?
multicellular filamentous heterotrophic cell walls
4 features that define Animalia
1) eukaryotes
2) multicellular
3) heterotrophic
4) unique cell junctions
what are tight junctions?
continuous belts that seal together layers of epithelium
what are gap junctions?
channels which allow small molecules to move from one cell to another cell
what are desmosomes?
anchoring junctions
what are heterogametes?
when a small flagellate sperm fertilises a small non motile egg
what is a blastula?
a hollow ball of cells
describe gastrulation
part of the blastula inverts forming a gastrula with a blastopore opening (digestive cavity)
what are the 3 layers of an early embryo?
1) ectoderm
2) blastocoel
2) endoderm
what are hox genes?
special genes that regular development in animals
what does the number of hox genes correlate to?
the complexity of body plan
what is the basis of the diversity of animal body plans?
variation in when and where hox genes are expressed in the developing embryo
describe the structure of a colonial heterotrophic flagellate
single flagella surrounded by microvilli for filter feeding
what 3 things link colonial heterotophic flagellates to animals?
1) flagella base closely resembles cilia base in animals
2) similar mitochondrial structure
3) DNA evidence
How have evolutionary relationships among animals been inferred? (4 things)
1) fossil record
2) anatomical similarity
3) developmental similarity
4) biochemical similarity
what are the 4 major branch points of animal evolution?
1) true tissues formed
2) symmetry
3) presence of a body cavity or coelom
4) pattern of coelom development
what was the importance of true tissues forming?
they enable specialisation and organ development
what are the 2 types of symmetry and describe them?
1) radiata - top/bottom - diploblastic
2) bilateria - anterior/posteria and dorsal/ventral - triploblastic with mesoderm
what is bilateral symmetry associated with?
an active lifestyle and sense organs/nervous control
what are the 3 types of body cavities and their features?
1) acoelomate - tissue filled region from mesoderm - no coelom
2) pseudocoelomate - cavity formed from blastocoel -muscle layer from mesoderm
3) coelomate - true coelom lined with mesoderm suspending internal organs
what are the 2 patterns of coelom development and the difference between the two?
1) protostomes - spiral, determinate cleavage,coelom forms from splits in mesoderm, mouth develops from blastopore
2) deuterostomes -radial, indeterminate cleavage, coelom forms from from folds of archenteron, anus develops from blastopore and mouth forms from secondary opening
what are 3 functions of the body cavity?
1) protection
2) allows organ growth and movement
3) allows movement - hydrostatic skeleton
what is the difference between the nutritional mode of animals and fungi?
once ingested animals use enzymes to digest their food
what are the first generally accepted fossils of animals and how old are they?
the ediacaran fossils - 575 million years old
when did vertebrates transition onto land and which survived?
360 million years ago- amphibians and amniotes (tetrapods)
what defines a grade?
morphological and developmental traits integrated as a body plan
what is cephalisation?
sensory equipment concentrated at the anterior end with a brain in the head
