Animal biodiversity 1

Question 1

what is the 5 kingdom classification?

Answer 1

1) monera
2) protists
3) plantae
4) fungi
5) animalia

Question 2

what are monera?

Answer 2

prokaryotes

Question 3

what are protists?

Answer 3

unicellular eukaryotes and algae

Question 4

what defines plantae?

Answer 4

multicellular photosynthetic cell walls

Question 5

what defines fungi?

Answer 5

multicellular filamentous heterotrophic cell walls

Question 6

4 features that define Animalia

Answer 6

1) eukaryotes
2) multicellular
3) heterotrophic
4) unique cell junctions

Question 7

what are tight junctions?

Answer 7

continuous belts that seal together layers of epithelium

Question 8

what are gap junctions?

Answer 8

channels which allow small molecules to move from one cell to another cell

Question 9

what are desmosomes?

Answer 9

anchoring junctions

Question 10

what are heterogametes?

Answer 10

when a small flagellate sperm fertilises a small non motile egg

Question 11

what is a blastula?

Answer 11

a hollow ball of cells

Question 12

describe gastrulation

Answer 12

part of the blastula inverts forming a gastrula with a blastopore opening (digestive cavity)

Question 13

what are the 3 layers of an early embryo?

Answer 13

1) ectoderm
2) blastocoel
2) endoderm

Question 14

what are hox genes?

Answer 14

special genes that regular development in animals

Question 15

what does the number of hox genes correlate to?

Answer 15

the complexity of body plan

Question 16

what is the basis of the diversity of animal body plans?

Answer 16

variation in when and where hox genes are expressed in the developing embryo

Question 17

describe the structure of a colonial heterotrophic flagellate

Answer 17

single flagella surrounded by microvilli for filter feeding

Question 18

what 3 things link colonial heterotophic flagellates to animals?

Answer 18

1) flagella base closely resembles cilia base in animals
2) similar mitochondrial structure
3) DNA evidence

Question 19

How have evolutionary relationships among animals been inferred? (4 things)

Answer 19

1) fossil record
2) anatomical similarity
3) developmental similarity
4) biochemical similarity

Question 20

what are the 4 major branch points of animal evolution?

Answer 20

1) true tissues formed
2) symmetry
3) presence of a body cavity or coelom
4) pattern of coelom development

Question 21

what was the importance of true tissues forming?

Answer 21

they enable specialisation and organ development

Question 22

what are the 2 types of symmetry and describe them?

Answer 22

1) radiata - top/bottom - diploblastic

2) bilateria - anterior/posteria and dorsal/ventral - triploblastic with mesoderm

Question 23

what is bilateral symmetry associated with?

Answer 23

an active lifestyle and sense organs/nervous control

Question 24

what are the 3 types of body cavities and their features?

Answer 24

1) acoelomate - tissue filled region from mesoderm - no coelom
2) pseudocoelomate - cavity formed from blastocoel -muscle layer from mesoderm
3) coelomate - true coelom lined with mesoderm suspending internal organs

Question 25

what are the 2 patterns of coelom development and the difference between the two?

Answer 25

1) protostomes - spiral, determinate cleavage,coelom forms from splits in mesoderm, mouth develops from blastopore
2) deuterostomes -radial, indeterminate cleavage, coelom forms from from folds of archenteron, anus develops from blastopore and mouth forms from secondary opening

Question 26

what are 3 functions of the body cavity?

Answer 26

1) protection
2) allows organ growth and movement
3) allows movement - hydrostatic skeleton

Question 27

what is the difference between the nutritional mode of animals and fungi?

Answer 27

once ingested animals use enzymes to digest their food

Question 28

what are the first generally accepted fossils of animals and how old are they?

Answer 28

the ediacaran fossils - 575 million years old

Question 29

when did vertebrates transition onto land and which survived?

Answer 29

360 million years ago- amphibians and amniotes (tetrapods)

Question 30

what defines a grade?

Answer 30

morphological and developmental traits integrated as a body plan

Question 31

what is cephalisation?

Answer 31

sensory equipment concentrated at the anterior end with a brain in the head