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Small Animal Internal Medicine > Toxoplasma/Neospora > Flashcards

Toxoplasma/Neospora Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative against of Toxoplasma?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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2
Q

What is the definitive host of Toxoplasma?

A

Cats and other felidae

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3
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma?

A

Warm blooded animals (mice and rats)

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4
Q

In which species does the enteroepithelial cycle occur, cats or other mammals?

A

Cats

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5
Q

In which species does the extraintestinal cycle occur, cats or other mammals?

A

Other mammals

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6
Q

In the enteroepithelial cycle of Toxoplasma in the cat, there is ingestion of what life stage?

A

Bradyzoite

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7
Q

The bradyzoites are released into the GI tract, localize to the GI epithelium, and differentiate into what?

A

Micro/macrogamonts

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8
Q

The joining of micro and macrogamonts produces what life stage?

A

Oocysts

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9
Q

What life stage of Toxoplasma is passed in the feces of cats?

A

Oocysts

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10
Q

Toxoplasma oocytes are passed in the feces and become infective within ___ days.

A

1-5 days

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11
Q

With the extraintestinal cycle of Toxoplasma that occurs in all other mammals, what life stage is ingested?

A

Oocyst

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12
Q

The oocysts that are ingested release what in the GI tract?

A

Sporozoites

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13
Q

The Toxoplasma sporozoites penetrate the GI epithelium and transform into what?

A

Tachyzoites

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14
Q

Which 3 life stages of Toxoplasma are infectious?

A
  1. Sporozoite
  2. Bradyzoite
  3. Tachyzoite
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15
Q

True or False: Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted via lactation.

A

TRUE - there is a high concentration of organisms in the mammary glands.

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16
Q

Cats infected with Toxoplasma gondii do NOT shed the organism for life. When will shedding occur and for how long?

A

Shedding can begin 1-5 days after infection and continue for about 2-3 weeks.

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17
Q

What is the most common route of infection for Toxoplasmosis in people?

A

Ingestion of infected tissue

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18
Q

What are 2 risk factors for Toxoplasmosis in cats?

A
  1. Rural environment

2. Old age

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19
Q

True or False: There are no clinical signs associated with intestinal toxoplasmosis.

A

TRUE (other than possibly self-limiting small bowel diarrhea <2 weeks duration)

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20
Q

True or False: In young cats, disseminated toxoplasmosis is highly fatal.

A

TRUE - high mortality in young cats.

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21
Q

What 2 organs are affected in young cats with disseminated toxoplasmosis?

A
  1. Liver

2. Lungs

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22
Q

With toxoplasmosis, what would your liver values look like?

A

Increased ALP

Increased ALT

Increased bilirubin

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23
Q

With toxoplasmosis, what would your CK value look like?

A

Dramatically increased CK (in the thousands)

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24
Q

True or False: A fecal flotation test detects oocysts and can be used to diagnose disseminated toxoplasmosis.

A

FALSE - one cannot differentiate Toxoplasma from Neospora, Besnoitia, or Hammondia.

25
Q

True or False: Fecal shedding can be consistent with a disseminated toxoplasma infection.

A

FALSE - dissemination tends to occur AFTER fecal shedding ceases.

26
Q

The presence of ____ in a CSF or aqueous humor cytology is diagnostic for Disseminated Toxoplasmosis.

A

Tachyzoites

27
Q

To diagnose Disseminated Toxoplasmosis, one can perform serology on either ____ or ____.

A
  1. Serum

2. CSF

28
Q

If serum serology is positive for Toxoplasma, the cat has been infected for how long?

A

> 2 weeks

29
Q

With toxoplasmosis, which antibody titer will increase in the body first?

A

IgM

30
Q

How long after infection with Toxoplasma will IgM titers appear increased?

A

2 weeks later

31
Q

Which is consistent with an acute toxoplasma infection, IgM or IgG?

A

IgM

32
Q

Which is consistent with chronic exposure to Toxoplasma, IgM or IgG?

A

IgG

33
Q

A 4-fold increase in IgG levels over 2-3 weeks is consistent with what type of Toxoplasma infection?

A

An acute infection

34
Q

What are 2 antimicrobials used against Toxoplasma?

A
  1. Clindamycin

2. TMS

35
Q

True or False: Antimicrobial treatment of Toxoplasmosis will clear the infection from the body.

A

FALSE - antimicrobials do not eliminate the organism, only active replication. Bradyzoites will persist for life.

36
Q

Is Toxoplasma zoonotic?

A

Yes

37
Q

What is the causative agent of Neospora?

A

Neospora caninum

38
Q

What is the definitive host of Neospora caninum?

A

Dogs and wild canids

39
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Neospora caninum?

A

Cows, goats, sheep, deer…

40
Q

What 2 ways is Neospora transmitted in the dog?

A
  1. Transplacental

2. Ingestion of infected meat/tissue

41
Q

The reproductive manifestation of Neospora is usually present when during gestation?

A

Late gestation

42
Q

With the reproductive manifestation of Neospora, up to ___% of puppies can be infected.

A

50%

43
Q

____ and ____ are complications seen with reproductive manifestations of Neospora.

A
  1. Abortion

2. Mummification

44
Q

True or False: Neospora is a leading cause of abortion and infertility in dogs worldwide.

A

FALSE - in CATTLE it is a leading cause of abortion and infertility.

45
Q

In puppies infected with Neospora transplacentally, when will clinical signs show up?

A

4-6 months after birth

46
Q

What are the 4 clinical manifestation of adult onset Neospora?

A
  1. Polymyositis
  2. Meningoencephalomyelitis
  3. Myocarditis
  4. Nodular dermatitis
47
Q

How would Neospora affect CK values?

A

Increased CK

48
Q

How would Neospora affect ALT levels?

A

Increased ALT

49
Q

Nodular dermatitis of Neospora is usually associated with what type of inflammation?

A

Pyogranulomatous inflammation

50
Q

True or False: You can utilize CSF cytology to differentiate Neospora from Toxoplasma.

A

FALSE - only PCR can do that.

51
Q

Fecal flotation cannot distinguish Neospora from Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, or Hammondia. After ingestion, when will dogs shed Neospora oocyts?

A

5 days after ingestion

52
Q

How long is shedding period for Neospora in the dog (definitive host)?

A

5 - 13 days

53
Q

True or False: PCR allows distinction between Toxoplasma and Neospora.

A

TRUE

54
Q

True or False: PCR can be used alone in the diagnosis of Neospora.

A

FALSE - PCR is not adequate when used alone. 1/3 of healthy dogs will come up positive.

55
Q

What are the 3 medication options available to treat Neospora?

A
  1. Clindamycin
  2. TMS
  3. Pyrimethamine
56
Q

Can Clindamycin or TMS clear Neospora from the body?

A

No, treatment will suppress replication, but bradyzoites will persist.

57
Q

What is the prognosis for puppies with muscle contracture associated with a Neospora infection?

A

Poor - muscular contracture is irreversible and often an end-stage development.

58
Q

Is there a vaccine available for Neospora?

A

Yes

Small Animal Internal Medicine (36 decks)

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