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Small Animal Internal Medicine > Glucose 1 > Flashcards

Glucose 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sole source of energy for the brain?

A

Glucose

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2
Q

What is the range of a normal blood glucose?

A

70 - 120 mg/dl

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3
Q

What are the 3 sources of glucose?

A
  1. Gluconeogenesis
  2. Glycogenolysis
  3. Intestinal absorption
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4
Q

Describe intestinal absorption of glucose…

A
  1. Carbohydrates are broken down to monosaccharides by duodenal brush-border enzymes
  2. Glucose is activity transported across the brush border by Na-dependent carrier
  3. Glucose enters the portal circulation
  4. Glucose is transported to the liver
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5
Q

Post-prandially, how many hours will glucose provide fuel for cellular metabolism?

A

4 - 8 hours

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6
Q

When in a fasted state, normoglycemia is maintained with what sources?

A

Endogenous glucose sources

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7
Q

What are the 2 endogenous glucose sources?

A
  1. Gluconeogenesis

2. Glycogenolysis

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8
Q

Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from precursors: name 3.

A
  1. Amino acids
  2. Lactate
  3. Glycerol
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9
Q

In which 2 organs does gluconeogenesis occur?

A
  1. Liver

2. Kidney

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10
Q

Why is hepatic function important to maintaining normoglycemia?

A
  1. Primary site of gluconeogenesis

2. Site of glycogen storage

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11
Q

Insulin increases or decreases cellular uptake of glucose?

A

Increases

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12
Q

Insulin stimulates or inhibits lipolysis?

A

Inhibits

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13
Q

What is insulin’s effect on gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?

A

Inhibition

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14
Q

What 4 hormones are released in response to hypoglycemia?

A
  1. Glucagon
  2. GH
  3. Adrenaline
  4. Cortisol
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15
Q

What are the 4 net effects of the diabetogenic hormones?

A
  1. Promote glycogenolysis
  2. Promote gluconeogenesis
  3. Shut down insulin secretion
  4. Decrease peripheral glucose use
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16
Q

What is the endogenous source of glucagon?

A

Pancreatic alpha cells

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17
Q

What is the endogenous source of insulin?

A

Pancreatic beta cells

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18
Q

What is the effect of the diabetogenic hormones on blood glucose?

A

Increases BG

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19
Q

What are the possible causes of hypoglycemia?

A
  1. Lack of intestinal absorption
  2. Lack of hepatic production
  3. Endocrine disorder (addison’s, insulinoma)
  4. Increased glucose utilization (sepsis, polycythemia)
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20
Q

What is the first portion of the brain affected by hypoglycemia?

A

Cerebral cortex

21
Q

What is the first ORGAN affected by hypoglycemia?

A

Brain

22
Q

What are 2 causes for a MILD (>45 mg/dL) hypoglycemia?

A
  1. Addison’s

2. Hepatic disease

23
Q

What are 3 causes for SEVERE (<40 mg/dL) hypoglycemia?

A
  1. Sepsis
  2. Neoplasia
  3. Juvenile
24
Q

What is an insulinoma?

A

Tumor of the pancreatic beta-cells

25
Q

Would you expect hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia with an insulinoma? Why?

A

Hypoglycemia: Insulinoma’s secrete insulin

26
Q

Are most insulinomas benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

27
Q

What finding would be diagnostic of an insulinoma?

A

High insulin with concurrent low blood glucose

28
Q

What are the 3 general causes of hyperglycemia?

A
  1. Post-prandial
  2. Excess hormones that raise BG
  3. Deficit in hormones that decrease BG
29
Q

What is the therapy for hyperglycemia?

A

Insulin

30
Q

Therapy for hyperglycemia (insulin) is usually only indicated for what condition?

A

Acromegaly

31
Q

What is the renal threshold for blood glucose in the dog?

A

180 mg/dL

32
Q

What is the renal threshold for blood glucose in the cat?

A

280 mg/dL

33
Q

What pancreatic cells produce insulin?

A

Beta

34
Q

What pancreatic cells produce glucagon?

A

Alpha

35
Q

What pancreatic cells produce somatostatin?

A

Gamma

36
Q

What is the result of insulin deficiency?

A

Hyperglycemia

37
Q

Explain how polyuria and polydipsia develop in a diabetic patient…

A
  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. Blood glucose levels exceed renal threshold
  3. Glucosuria
  4. Osmotic diuresis
  5. Polyuria
  6. Compensatory polydipsia
38
Q

Explain how polyphagia develops in a diabetic patient…

A
  1. Insulin deficiency
  2. Glucose does not enter the satiety center
  3. Failure to inhibit feeding center
  4. Polyphagia
39
Q

What are the 4 classical signs of diabetes mellitus?

A
  1. PU
  2. PD
  3. PP
  4. Weight loss
40
Q

What is the most common endocrine disease in dogs and cats?

A

Diabetes mellitus

41
Q

What would be a common signalment of a dog most likely to develop diabetes?

A

Female

7 - 10 years old

Samoyed, Keeshond

42
Q

What would be a common signalment of a cat most likely to develop diabetes?

A

Neutered male

> 6 years of age

Australian, Burmese

43
Q

Which type of DM is most common in dogs?

A

Type I

44
Q

Which type of DM is most common in cats?

A

Type II

45
Q

Which type of DM is insulin-dependent?

A

Type I

46
Q

Which type of DM is non-insulin dependent?

A

Type II

47
Q

Which type of DM is due to genetic predispositions?

A

Type I

48
Q

Which type of DM is due to defective pancreatic beta cells?

A

Type II

49
Q

How would you diagnose diabetes mellitus? Name 3 findings that would support a diagnosis.

A
  1. Resting hyperglycemia
  2. Glucosuria
  3. Clinical signs

Small Animal Internal Medicine (36 decks)

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