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Small Animal Internal Medicine > Infectious Diseases: Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases: Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What is the MOA of sulfonamides?

A

Synergistic inhibition of folate metabolism, resulting in inhibition of purine (DNA/RNA) synthesis

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2
Q

What does Trimethoprim inhibit?

A

Dihydrofolate reductase

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3
Q

What are sulfonamides a competitive inhibitor of?

A

Pteridin synthase

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4
Q

What is the spectrum of sulfonamides?

A

Broad spectrum (Gram + and - especially Nocardia)

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5
Q

In which tissue do sulfonamides have great penetration?

A

Prostate

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6
Q

What are the adverse effects of sulfonamides? (5)

A
  1. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
  2. Hepatotoxicity
  3. Bone marrow suppression
  4. KCS
  5. Polyarthritis
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7
Q

What is TMS?

A

Trimethroprim-sulfonamide

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8
Q

Is TMS bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

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9
Q

What 3 tests would you use to monitor adverse effects associated with sulfonamides?

A
  1. Shirmer tear test
  2. Liver panel
  3. CBC
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10
Q

Name 4 aminoglycosides…

A
  1. Neomycin
  2. Tobramycin
  3. Amikacin
  4. Gentamicin
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11
Q

What is the MOA of aminoglycosides?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit

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12
Q

Against which class of bacteria do aminoglycosides have excellent activity?

A

Gram -

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13
Q

Which class of bacteria have intrinsic resistance to aminoglycosides?

A

Anaerobes

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14
Q

Because aminoglycosides have poor oral absorption, how can you administer them?

A

SQ, IM, IV

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15
Q

What are the adverse effects of aminoglycosides?

A
  1. Ototoxicity

2. Nephrotoxicity

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16
Q

What is the MOA of chloramphenicol?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis by binding 50S ribosomal subunit

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17
Q

What is the spectrum of chloramphenicol?

A

Broad (+/-) and anaerobes

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18
Q

What are the 3 adverse effects associated with chloramphenicol?

A
  1. Irreversible aplastic anemia
  2. Reversible bone marrow suppression
  3. GI effects
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19
Q

Name 3 tetracyclines….

A
  1. Doxycycline
  2. Tetracycline
  3. Minocycline
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20
Q

What is the MOA of the tetracycline?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit

21
Q

What is the spectrum of tetras?

A
  1. Gram +
  2. Some gram -
  3. Intracellular bacteria
22
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with tetras?

A
  1. Teeth discoloration (tetracycline specifically)
  2. Hepatotoxicity
  3. Vomiting
  4. Esophageal strictures
23
Q

Name a lincosamide…

A

Clindamycin

24
Q

Name a macrolide…

A
  1. Azithromycin
  2. Clarithromycin
  3. Tylosin
25
Q

What is the MOA of the Lincosamides and Macrolides?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunit

26
Q

Where do Lincosamides achieve high concentrations?

A

Leukocytes

27
Q

Where do Macrolides achieve high concentrations?

A

Tissues

28
Q

What is the spectrum of lincosamides?

A
  1. Gm +
  2. Anaerobes
  3. Protozoa
29
Q

What are the AE associated with lincosamides?

A

Esophagitis in cats

30
Q

What is the spectrum of macrolides?

A
  1. Gm +
  2. Some gm -
  3. Mycobacterium
31
Q

What is the AE associated with macrolides?

A

Antibiotic-responsive diarrhea

32
Q

What is the MOA of the azoles?

A

Interfere with ergosterol synthesis inhibition of 14a-demethylase

33
Q

Are the azoles fungistatic or fungicidal?

A

Fungistatic

34
Q

Name 2 classes of azoles…

A
  1. Imidazoles

2. Triazoles

35
Q

Name 3 imidazoles…

A
  1. Ketoconazole
  2. Clotrimazole
  3. Enilconazole
36
Q

Name 4 triazoles…

A
  1. Itraconazole
  2. Fluconazole
  3. Voriconazole
  4. Posaconazole
37
Q

Which has good bioavailability, the imidazoles or the triazoles?

A

Triazoles (the imidazoles have poor bioavailability and should only be used topically)

38
Q

What are the 4 adverse effects associated with azoles?

A
  1. Hepatitis
  2. Inhibition of mammalian p450
  3. Teratogenic
  4. Ulcerative lesions in dogs with itraconazole
39
Q

Which azole is the most hepatotoxic?

A

Ketoconazole

40
Q

What are the 2 MOA of amphotericin B?

A
  1. Causes pores in the cell membrane by binding to sterols

2. Macrophage activation

41
Q

Is amphotericin B fungistatic or fungicidal?

A

Fungistatic at low doses

Fungicidal at high doses

42
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with amphotericin B?

A

Nephrotoxicity

43
Q

What is the MOA of 5-flucytosine?

A

Interferes with DNA replication

44
Q

What is 5-flucytosine?

A

A fluorinated pyrimidine

45
Q

What organisms is 5-flucytosine effective against?

A
  1. Cryptococcus

2. Candida

46
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with 5-flucytosine?

A
  1. Cutaneous drug eruption in dogs
  2. Myelosuppression
  3. Resistance
47
Q

How can you prevent resistance to 5-flucytosine?

A

NEVER USE ALONE: Always combine with another anti-fungal drug.

48
Q

What is the MOA of terbinafine?

A

Inhibition of squalene epoxidase –> intracellular accumulation of squalene –> cell lysis

49
Q

What is the adverse effect associated with terbinafine in the cat?

A

Facial pruritis

Small Animal Internal Medicine (36 decks)

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