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Small Animal Internal Medicine > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

A bactericidal drug often interferes with ____ or ____ synthesis.

A
  1. Cell wall

2. Nucleic acid

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2
Q

A bacteriostatic drug often interferes with ____ and ____.

A
  1. Protein synthesis

2. Metabolism

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3
Q

Which drugs are bacteriostatic?

A

“SulfTetMacChlor”

  1. Chloramphenicol
  2. Sulfanomides
  3. Trimethoprim
  4. Clindamycin
  5. Doxycycline
  6. Macrolides
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4
Q

Which drugs are bactericidal?

A

“BANF”

  1. Beta-lactams
  2. FQ
  3. Aminoglycosies
  4. TMS
  5. Vancomycin
  6. Metronidazole
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5
Q

What are 2 conditions in which you would want to use a drug that is bactericidal over one that is bacteriostatic?

A
  1. Immunosuppressed patient

2. Life-threatening infection

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6
Q

Lowest concentration of an AB that will inhibit growth of a microorganism after incubation with it.

A

MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)

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7
Q

Residual effect of antibiotics after concentrations have gone below MIC.

A

Post-antibiotic effect (PAE)

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8
Q

Which will have more of a post-antibiotic effect, time-dependent antibiotics or concentration-dependent antibiotics?

A

Concentration-dependent antibiotics

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9
Q

Which is consistent with a time-dependent drug: (1) giving multiple doses daily or (2) giving a single high dose / day?

A

(1) giving multiple doses daily

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10
Q

Which is consistent with a concentration-dependent drug: (1) giving multiple doses daily or (2) giving a single high dose / day?

A

(2) giving a single high dose / day

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11
Q

Which drugs are time-dependent?

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Carbapenems
  4. Macrolides
  5. Lincosamides
  6. Tetracyclines
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12
Q

Which drugs are concentration-dependent?

A
  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. FQ
  3. Metronidazole
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13
Q

Are beta-lactams bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

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14
Q

Are beta-lactams time-dependent or concentration-dependent?

A

Time-dependent

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15
Q

What is the MOA of beta-lactams?

A

Block cell wall synthesis

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16
Q

Will concentration of a beta-lactam be higher in the urine or in the serum?

A

Urine

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17
Q

How are beta-lactams excreted?

A

Via urinary system

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18
Q

Penicillins have excellent efficacy against gram ____ and ____.

A
  1. Gram (+)

2. Anaerobes

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19
Q

What makes up Clavamox (2 components)?

A
  1. Amoxicillin

2. Clavulanic acid

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20
Q

What makes up Unasyn (2 components)?

A
  1. Ampicillin

2. Sulbactam

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21
Q

Which generation of cephalosporin is Cefoxitin?

A

2nd

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22
Q

Which generation of cephalosporin is Cefepime?

A

4th

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23
Q

Which generation of cephalosporin is cephalexin?

A

1st

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24
Q

Which generation of cephalosporin is cefpodoxime?

A

3rd

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25
Q

Which generation of cephalosporin is cefovecin (convenia)?

A

3rd

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26
Q

Going from 1st generation cephalosporins to 4th generation cephalosporins, there is increasing action against what type of bacteria?

A

Gram (-)

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27
Q

What are the ONLY beta-lactams that have post-antibiotic effects?

A

Carbapenems

28
Q

True or False: Carbapenems can be administered orally, IV, and SC.

A

FALSE - Carbapenems cannot be administered orally.

29
Q

What is most widely used Glycopeptide?

A

Vancomycin

30
Q

Is vancomycin bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

31
Q

What is the MOA of vancomycin?

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

32
Q

Is vancomycin time-dependent or concentration-dependent?

A

Time-dependent

33
Q

Are FQ bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

34
Q

Are FQ time or concentration-dependent?

A

Concentration-dependent

35
Q

What is the MOA of FQ?

A

Disruption of DNA synthesis

36
Q

Are FQ most effective against gram (+) or gram (-) bacteria?

A

Gram (-)

37
Q

True or False: FQs have good efficacy against anaerobes.

A

FALSE

38
Q

FQs are highly lipophilic, allow for excellent penetration of ____ and ____ infections.

A
  1. Prostatic

2. Respiratory

39
Q

In which 2 animals should the use of FQs be avoided?

A
  1. Cats

2. Young animals

40
Q

Why should FQs be avoided in cats?

A

Retinal degeneration

41
Q

Why should FQs be avoided in young animals (less than 7 months)?

A

Cartilage/joint toxicity

42
Q

Which of the following interferes with cytochrome P450 activity, Cephalosporins, Beta-lactams, or FQs?

A

FQs

43
Q

Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim both inhibit what?

A

Folate metabolism

44
Q

Trimethoprim, unlike the sulfonamides, inhibits what?

A

Dihydrofolate reductase

45
Q

The sulfonamides, unlike Trimethoprim, are competitive inhibitors of what?

A

Pteridin synthase

46
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with Sulfonamides?

A
  1. KCS
  2. Hepatotoxicity
  3. Bone marrow suppression
  4. Polyarthritis
  5. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
47
Q

What 3 tests would you want to run to monitor side effects associated with sulfonamides?

A
  1. CBC
  2. Shirmer tear test
  3. Liver panel
48
Q

What is amikacin?

A

Aminoglycoside

49
Q

Name 3 other aminoglycosides.

A
  1. Gentamicin
  2. Tobramycin
  3. Neomycin
50
Q

What are 2 adverse effects associated with aminoglycosides?

A
  1. Nephrotoxicity

2. Ototoxicity

51
Q

What is the mechanism of chloramphenicol?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to 50s

52
Q

Is chloramphenicol bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriostatic

53
Q

What adverse effects are associated with chloramphenicol use in cats and dogs?

A

Bone marrow suppression (REVERSIBLE)

54
Q

What is the MOA of tetracyclines?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis by binding 30s

55
Q

What are the adverse effects of tetracyclines?

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Esophageal strictures (cats)
  3. Hepatopathy
  4. Dental discoloration
56
Q

True or False: Dental discoloration has been reported with all tetracyclines.

A

FALSE - dental discoloration is NOT well reported with Doxycycline.

57
Q

What type of AB is Clindamycin?

A

Lincosamide

58
Q

What is the MOA of Lincosamides?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis by binding 50s

59
Q

Lincosamides will achieve high concentrations in what?

A

Leukocytes

60
Q

What is the spectrum of Lincosamides like Clindamycin?

A

Gram (+)

Anaerobes

Protozoans (Toxoplasma, Neospora)

61
Q

What is azithromycin?

A

Macrolide

62
Q

Name 2 other Macrolides.

A
  1. Clarithromycin

2. Tylosin

63
Q

What is the MOA of the Macrolides?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by binding 50s

64
Q

The Macrolides achieve high concentration in what?

A

Tissues

65
Q

What is the spectrum of the Macrolides?

A

Gram (+) / some gram (-)

Mycobacterium

Small Animal Internal Medicine (36 decks)

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