Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Topic 7: Histology > Flashcards

Topic 7: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

the study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the 4 major tissue types:

A

— Epithelial Tissue; lining tissue

— Connective Tissue; — connecting tissue

— Muscle Tissue; contractile tissue

— Nervous Tissue; signalling tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell Junctions

A

points of contact between adjacent cells - seen in epithelial tissue, some nervous and muscle cells

formed by cell membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List 3 examples of cell junctions

A

1) Tight Junctions
2) Anchoring Junctions (e.g. desmosomes)
3) Gap Junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tight Junctions

A

— are a partial fusion of specific proteins on the lateral surface of the cell membrane

— form ring-like tight seal

— prevents material from passing between cells e.g. bacteria, proteins, sometimes
fluid or ions (depending on the tissue)

  • things don’t exit or enter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A

(e.g. desmosomes)
— proteins that fasten cells to each other and/or extracellular material (“rivets” cells
together)

  • hold cell close to one another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gap Junctions

A

— open channels (formed by proteins) through the adjacent cell membranes
interconnecting the cytosols of the cells; allows for interconnected cell

— allows ions/small molecules to pass from one cell to another

— tissues can then work as a unit:
o important in cardiac and smooth muscle (allows synchronization of
contractions)
o also found in epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

— covers body surface
— lines body/organ cavities

organ cavity = lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Characteristics of Epithelia:

A

o has one free surface

o little extracellular space between cells; cells are very closely packed

o avascular – no blood vessels

o Basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Basement membrane

A

— extracellular layer

— attaches epithelium to underlying CT layer (formed by both tissues – “velcro”

  • Ct layer keeps epithelial tissue alive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What level of organization is the basement membrane?

A

Organ; b/c 2 tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified

A

o most subtypes are classified + named according to:

— # of cell layers sitting on the basement membrane

— shape of the cells in the apical layer (= layer touching the free surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

one layer

A

simple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

more than one layer

A

stratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

apical layer

A

= layer touching the free surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

squamous

A

flattened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cuboidal

A

round or cube shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

columnar

A

rectangular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Simple Epithelia

A

= 1 layer

— allow exchange of molecules (gasses, nutrients, etc.)

–absorption/secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the subtypes of simple epithelia

A

a) simple squamous
b) simple cuboidal
c) simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

simple squamous

A

= 1 layer of squished (flat) cells

— e.g. lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

simple cuboidal

A

= 1 layer of cube shaped cells

— e.g. kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

simple columnar

A

= 1 layer of column shaped (tall & thin) cells

— e.g. stomach, small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Stratified Epithelia
= > 1 layer | — protective (areas of abrasion)
26
List the subtypes of Stratified Epithelia
a) stratified squamous b) stratified cuboidal c) stratified columnar
27
stratified squamous
= apical cells squished (flat) | — common, e.g. skin
28
stratified cuboidal
apical cells cube shaped | — rare
29
stratified columnar
= apical cells column shaped (tall & thin) | — rare
30
Pseudostratified Epithelia
— appears stratified (nuclei at different levels), but all cells sit on basement membrane (= SIMPLE!) — e.g. lines most of respiratory tract (+ ciliated) pseudo= false
31
Transitional Epithelia
= cell shape (& layering) varies with stretching — only in inner lining of urinary system — cuboidal to squamous when stretched
32
List the types of Epithelial tissue
1) Simple Epithelia 2) Stratified Epithelia 3) Pseudostratified Epithelia 4) Transitional Epithelia 5) Glandular Epithelium
33
What happens if epithelial cells form a gland
he cell layer(s)/cell shape classification is no longer used & tissue is classified as: 5) Glandular Epithelium
34
5) Glandular Epithelium
for secretion
35
List the subtypes of Glandular Epithelium
a) exocrine glands | b) endocrine gland
36
exocrine glands
— secrete products onto body surface or into a body cavity — can be: i. unicellular ii. multicellular
37
unicellular exocrine glands
¦ e.g. goblet cells ¦ secrete mucus (into a cavity) ¦ in the digestive, urinary, reproductive, respiratory tracts
38
multicellular
¦ consists of secretory and duct cells (ducts connect secretions to surface or cavity) ¦ e.g. glands: sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mammary, digestive
39
endocrine glands
— no ducts (ductless) — secretions (hormones) directly into the blood — e.g. thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone
40
List Functions of Epithelia:
1) Protection — often stratified squamous — e.g. epidermis of skin 2) Secretion — glandular epithelium — e.g. thyroid, sweat glands 3) Control of permeability — typically simple epithelia — exchange of material — e.g. kidney, intestine, capillaries
41
Connective Tissue (CT)
— mainly supports and connects tissues — cells far apart, separated by extracellular matrix o extracellular material gives CT subtypes their identifying characteristics — variable vascularity
42
cell names ending in
— -BLAST — -CYTE — -CLAST
43
BLAST
– create matrix - forming more ¦ e.g. osteoblast, chondroblast, fibroblast
44
CYTE
– maintain matrix; maintaining stuff around us ¦ e.g. osteocyte, chondrocyte, fibrocyte
45
-CLAST
– break down matrix; reabsorb material ¦ osteoclast; reabsorbing bone b/c are ca2+ resovoirs
46
Matrix Composition
1) Fibres (proteins) | 2) Ground Substance
47
Fibres (proteins)
— collagen fibres (for strength) — elastic fibres (containing elastin - allow stretch and recoil) — reticular fibres (form networks – e.g. CT part of basement membrane)
48
Ground Substance
— unstructured material surrounding extracellular fibres and cells — composed of water and large organic molecules (e.g. hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate)
49
How is CT classified
(mainly by matrix composition)
50
List the types of CT
1. CT Proper 2) Cartilage 3) Bone 4) Blood
51
CT Proper
— cells = fibroblasts/fibrocytes except adipose tissue (adipocytes
52
List the subtypes of CT proper
a) Loose CT | b) Dense CT
53
Loose CT
. areolar CT ``` ¦ loosely arranged collagen and elastin fibres surrounded by ground substance (hyaluronic acid) ``` ¦ highly vascular ¦ e.g. lamina propria
54
adipose CT
¦ very little matrix ¦ cells large (adipocytes), store triglycerides - tissue looks like “chicken-wire” highly vascular
55
Dense CT
``` — many fibres (a.k.a. fibrous CT) — little ground substance — _poorly vascular — types: i. dense regular CT ii. dense irregular CT ```
56
dense regular CT
¦ collagen fibres running in the same direction | ¦ e.g. tendons, ligaments
57
dense irregular CT
¦ collagen fibres arranged irregularly ¦ e.g. dermis of skin
58
Cartilage
— cells = chondrocytes (cells located in lacunae = cavities in the matrix) & chondroblasts — matrix: o fibres = collagen & elastin (proteins) o ground substance = Ø chondroitin sulphate, hyaluronic acid Ø water — avascular – heals slowly — e.g. hyaline cartilage of trachea, ribs, ends of long bones
59
lacunae
cavities in the matrix | * empty space if you remove the cell
60
Bone
— cells = osteocytes (in lacunae), osteoblasts, and osteoclasts — matrix: o fibres = collagen o ground substance = Ø hydroxyapatite (inorganic Ca++ and phosphate salts) and organic components e.g. proteoglycans Ø water o very vascular
61
Blood
— cells = red blood cells (RBC) + white blood cells (WBC) — matrix (fluid) = plasma (contains fibre proteins, ground substance, water)
62
Muscle Tissue
— contractile — subtypes: 1) skeletal (striated) 2) cardiac (striated) 3) smooth (non-striated)
63
Nervous Tissue
cell types: 1) neurons – conduct electrical impulses 2) glial cells – support and protect neurons

Anatomy (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions