Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Topic 7: Histology > Flashcards

Topic 7: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

the study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the 4 major tissue types:

A

— Epithelial Tissue; lining tissue

— Connective Tissue; — connecting tissue

— Muscle Tissue; contractile tissue

— Nervous Tissue; signalling tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell Junctions

A

points of contact between adjacent cells - seen in epithelial tissue, some nervous and muscle cells

formed by cell membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List 3 examples of cell junctions

A

1) Tight Junctions
2) Anchoring Junctions (e.g. desmosomes)
3) Gap Junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tight Junctions

A

— are a partial fusion of specific proteins on the lateral surface of the cell membrane

— form ring-like tight seal

— prevents material from passing between cells e.g. bacteria, proteins, sometimes
fluid or ions (depending on the tissue)

  • things don’t exit or enter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A

(e.g. desmosomes)
— proteins that fasten cells to each other and/or extracellular material (“rivets” cells
together)

  • hold cell close to one another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gap Junctions

A

— open channels (formed by proteins) through the adjacent cell membranes
interconnecting the cytosols of the cells; allows for interconnected cell

— allows ions/small molecules to pass from one cell to another

— tissues can then work as a unit:
o important in cardiac and smooth muscle (allows synchronization of
contractions)
o also found in epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

— covers body surface
— lines body/organ cavities

organ cavity = lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Characteristics of Epithelia:

A

o has one free surface

o little extracellular space between cells; cells are very closely packed

o avascular – no blood vessels

o Basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Basement membrane

A

— extracellular layer

— attaches epithelium to underlying CT layer (formed by both tissues – “velcro”

  • Ct layer keeps epithelial tissue alive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What level of organization is the basement membrane?

A

Organ; b/c 2 tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified

A

o most subtypes are classified + named according to:

— # of cell layers sitting on the basement membrane

— shape of the cells in the apical layer (= layer touching the free surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

one layer

A

simple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

more than one layer

A

stratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

apical layer

A

= layer touching the free surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

squamous

A

flattened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cuboidal

A

round or cube shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

columnar

A

rectangular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Simple Epithelia

A

= 1 layer

— allow exchange of molecules (gasses, nutrients, etc.)

–absorption/secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the subtypes of simple epithelia

A

a) simple squamous
b) simple cuboidal
c) simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

simple squamous

A

= 1 layer of squished (flat) cells

— e.g. lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

simple cuboidal

A

= 1 layer of cube shaped cells

— e.g. kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

simple columnar

A

= 1 layer of column shaped (tall & thin) cells

— e.g. stomach, small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stratified Epithelia

A

= > 1 layer

— protective (areas of abrasion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

List the subtypes of Stratified Epithelia

A

a) stratified squamous
b) stratified cuboidal
c) stratified columnar

27
Q

stratified squamous

A

= apical cells squished (flat)

— common, e.g. skin

28
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

apical cells cube shaped

— rare

29
Q

stratified columnar

A

= apical cells column shaped (tall & thin)

— rare

30
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelia

A

— appears stratified (nuclei at different levels), but all cells sit on basement membrane (= SIMPLE!)

— e.g. lines most of respiratory tract (+ ciliated)

pseudo= false

31
Q

Transitional Epithelia

A

= cell shape (& layering) varies with stretching

— only in inner lining of urinary system

— cuboidal to squamous when stretched

32
Q

List the types of Epithelial tissue

A

1) Simple Epithelia
2) Stratified Epithelia
3) Pseudostratified Epithelia
4) Transitional Epithelia
5) Glandular Epithelium

33
Q

What happens if epithelial cells form a gland

A

he cell layer(s)/cell shape classification is no longer
used & tissue is classified as:
5) Glandular Epithelium

34
Q

5) Glandular Epithelium

A

for secretion

35
Q

List the subtypes of Glandular Epithelium

A

a) exocrine glands

b) endocrine gland

36
Q

exocrine glands

A

— secrete products onto body surface or into a body cavity

— can be:

i. unicellular
ii. multicellular

37
Q

unicellular exocrine glands

A

¦ e.g. goblet cells

¦ secrete mucus (into a cavity)

¦ in the digestive, urinary,
reproductive,
respiratory tracts

38
Q

multicellular

A

¦ consists of secretory and duct cells (ducts
connect secretions to surface or cavity)

¦ e.g. glands: sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous
(oil), mammary, digestive

39
Q

endocrine glands

A

— no ducts (ductless)
— secretions (hormones) directly into the blood
— e.g. thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone

40
Q

List Functions of Epithelia:

A

1) Protection
— often stratified squamous
— e.g. epidermis of skin

2) Secretion
— glandular epithelium
— e.g. thyroid, sweat glands

3) Control of permeability
— typically simple epithelia
— exchange of material
— e.g. kidney, intestine, capillaries

41
Q

Connective Tissue (CT)

A

— mainly supports and connects tissues

— cells far apart, separated by extracellular matrix

o extracellular material gives CT subtypes their identifying characteristics

— variable vascularity

42
Q

cell names ending in

A

— -BLAST
— -CYTE
— -CLAST

43
Q

BLAST

A

– create matrix
- forming more

¦ e.g. osteoblast, chondroblast, fibroblast

44
Q

CYTE

A

– maintain matrix; maintaining stuff around us

¦ e.g. osteocyte, chondrocyte, fibrocyte

45
Q

-CLAST

A

– break down matrix; reabsorb material

¦ osteoclast; reabsorbing bone b/c are ca2+ resovoirs

46
Q

Matrix Composition

A

1) Fibres (proteins)

2) Ground Substance

47
Q

Fibres (proteins)

A

— collagen fibres (for strength)

— elastic fibres (containing elastin - allow stretch and recoil)

— reticular fibres (form networks – e.g. CT part of basement membrane)

48
Q

Ground Substance

A

— unstructured material surrounding extracellular fibres and cells

— composed of water and large organic molecules (e.g. hyaluronic acid, chondroitin
sulfate)

49
Q

How is CT classified

A

(mainly by matrix composition)

50
Q

List the types of CT

A
  1. CT Proper
    2) Cartilage
    3) Bone
    4) Blood
51
Q

CT Proper

A

— cells = fibroblasts/fibrocytes except adipose tissue (adipocytes

52
Q

List the subtypes of CT proper

A

a) Loose CT

b) Dense CT

53
Q

Loose CT

A

. areolar CT

¦ loosely arranged collagen and elastin fibres surrounded by
ground substance (hyaluronic acid)

¦ highly vascular

¦ e.g. lamina propria

54
Q

adipose CT

A

¦ very little matrix

¦ cells large (adipocytes), store triglycerides - tissue looks like
“chicken-wire”

highly vascular

55
Q

Dense CT

A 
— many fibres (a.k.a. fibrous CT)
— little ground substance
— _poorly vascular
— types:
i. dense regular CT
ii. dense irregular CT
56
Q

dense regular CT

A

¦ collagen fibres running in the same direction

¦ e.g. tendons, ligaments

57
Q

dense irregular CT

A

¦ collagen fibres arranged irregularly

¦ e.g. dermis of skin

58
Q

Cartilage

A

— cells = chondrocytes (cells located in lacunae = cavities in the matrix) &
chondroblasts

— matrix:
o fibres = collagen & elastin (proteins)

o ground substance =
Ø chondroitin sulphate, hyaluronic acid
Ø water

— avascular – heals slowly

— e.g. hyaline cartilage of trachea, ribs, ends of long bones

59
Q

lacunae

A

cavities in the matrix

* empty space if you remove the cell

60
Q

Bone

A

— cells = osteocytes (in lacunae), osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

— matrix:
o fibres = collagen

o ground substance =
Ø hydroxyapatite (inorganic Ca++ and phosphate salts) and organic
components e.g. proteoglycans
Ø water

o very vascular

61
Q

Blood

A

— cells = red blood cells (RBC) + white blood cells (WBC)

— matrix (fluid) = plasma (contains fibre proteins, ground substance, water)

62
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

— contractile

— subtypes:

1) skeletal (striated)
2) cardiac (striated)
3) smooth (non-striated)

63
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

cell types:

1) neurons – conduct electrical impulses
2) glial cells – support and protect neurons

Anatomy (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions