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Anatomy > Topic 19: Nervous System > Flashcards

Topic 19: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Nervous system?

A

Central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

 “command centre”
 brain + spinal cord
 processes + integrates info

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

a) cranial nerves
 to/from brain

b) spinal nerves
 to/from spinal cord

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4
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the PNS?

A

a) sensory/afferent division
 has sensory receptors that detect stimuli (change in internal or external environments)

b) motor/efferent division
 nerves convey impulses away from CNS
 innervates (supplies nerves to) effectors = muscles + glands
(endocrine or exocrine)

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5
Q

Describe the relationship between the CNS and PNS

A

receptors; detect stimuli

PNS (sensory neurons); afferent

CNS: integrate

PNS (efferent); motor neurons

Effector; executes response, muscle and glands

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6
Q

Neurons

A

 conduct impulses
 make up CNS + PNS
 mostly amitotic (irreplaceable)
o exceptions = taste, olfaction, memory

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7
Q

Describe the structure of a neuron

A

a. cell body
b. dendrites
c. axon
d. axon hillock
e. axon terminal

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8
Q

cell body

A

 typical organelles
 RER called - Nissl Bodies
 groups/clusters in CNS = nuclei (gray matter)
 groups/clusters in PNS = ganglia

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9
Q

dendrites

A

 receive incoming messages + relay to cell body

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10
Q

axon

A

 carry impulses away from cell body

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11
Q

axon hillock

A

where axon meets cell body

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12
Q

axon terminal

A

typically branched with synaptic end

bulbs (enlarged tips)

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13
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath

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14
Q

axon may be…

A

myelinated - – wrapped in many layers of cell membrane from Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS)
 electrical insulation

 unmyelinated – no myelin

 myelinated axon bundles in:
o CNS = tracts (white matter) o PNS = nerves

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15
Q

Neuroglia (glial cells)

A

support neuron cells = can undergo mitosis (prone to cancer – brain tumor)

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16
Q

List the cell types of the nervous system

A

neurons

neuroglia glial cells)

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17
Q

List the CNS neuroglia

A

i. oligodendrocytes
ii. microglia
iii. astrocytes
iv. ependymal – neural epithelia

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18
Q

i. oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin around axon

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19
Q

microglia

A

protective – become phagocytic if detect infected, dead, or damaged neurons (because immune cells can’t enter CNS)

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20
Q

astrocytes

A

 surround blood capillaries to form part of blood brain
barrier (BBB)
 help control capillary permeability

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21
Q

ependymal – neural epithelia

A

 line brain ventricles + central canal of the spinal cord

 secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) + circulate it (cilia)

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22
Q

PNS neuroglia

A

i. Schwann cells
 form myelin around axons in PNS

ii. Satellite cells
 surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia – protection + support

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23
Q

How can neurons be classified?

A

1) Structural/Anatomical types:
 based on # of cell processes off of cell body

2) Functional types:
 based on direction of impulse conduction

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24
Q

Unipolar

A

 1 process that divides into two: central + peripheral

 peripheral end has dendrites = sensory receptors (pain, touch
etc) - remainder is axon

 always sensory

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25
Q

Bipolar

A

 2 processes: 1 axon, 1 process with dendrites

 sensory – retina, nose (olfaction)

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26
Q

Multipolar

A

 3 or more processes: 1 axon, many dendrites

 all interneurons + motor neurons

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27
Q

Describe the functional types of neurons

A

a) Sensory/Afferent Neurons  mostly unipolar
 from sensory receptors to CNS

b) Interneurons
 within CNS (between sensory + motor)
 99% of neurons (mostly multipolar)

c) Motor/Efferent Neurons
 CNS to effectors (all multipolar)

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28
Q

Neuron Junctions (Synapses):

A

1) Neuronal junction:
 neuron to neuron
 can be chemical (use neurotransmitters) or electrical (ions)

2) Neuromuscular junction:
 motor neuron to skeletal muscle

3) Neuroglandular junction:
 motor neuron to gland

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29
Q

Chemical Neuronal Synapses:

A

most common

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30
Q

Describe the structure of a Chemical Neuronal Synapses:

A

1) Presynaptic Neuron:
 neuron bringing impulse

2) Axon Terminal:
 within synaptic end bulbs
o inside the end bulb (presynaptic membrane) = synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter (nt)
3) Synaptic Cleft:
 space between neurons
4) Postsynaptic Neuron:
 receives the impulse
 has postsynaptic membrane
o = cell membrane of dendrites or cell body with receptor sites
for nt
31
Q

Bone

A

 skull + vertebral column

32
Q

Meninges

A

 connective tissue around brain + spinal cord

33
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A

a) dura mater (outer)
b) arachnoidmater(middle)
c) pia mater (inner)

34
Q

dura mater

A

(outer)
 brain = 2 fused layers
o separated in some places to form spaces = venous (dural) sinuses – contain blood
 spinal cord = 1 layer

35
Q

subdural space

A

deep to dura mater

filled with ISF

36
Q

epidural space

A

(spinal cord only)
o filled with fat, blood vessels, CT, etc.
superficial to dura mater

37
Q

arachnoid mater

A

(middle)
 avascular

 subarachnoid space
o contains cerebrospinal fluid
o web-like strands of CT secure it to pia mater below

 has arachnoid granulations (brain only)
o project into dural sinuses
o CSF enters granulations to return to blood

38
Q

pia mater

A

(inner)
 on surface of CNS (brain + spinal cord)
 vascular

39
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

40
Q

List the protective features of the CNS

A 
Bone 
Meninges 
CSF 
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB):
5) Cerebral Arterial Circle:
41
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

 surrounds brain + spinal cord
 in brain ventricles + central canal of spinal cord
 cushions CNS – brain buoyant
 formed from blood plasma (similar composition)
 produced by choroid plexuses (blood capillaries) found in each ventricle

42
Q

ventricles:

A
  • spaces inside brain (filled with CSF)
  • 2 lateral ventricles (1st + 2nd) – in cerebrum
  • 3rd ventricle = in diencephalon
  • 4th ventricle = surrounded by pons, medulla oblongata, cerebrum
43
Q

central canal:

A

• space in spinal cord

44
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB):

A

2 cell types:

a) endothelial cells (of capillaries) with tight junctions
b) astrocytes – foot processes wrap around endothelial cells

 selectively permeable
o allows: glucose, fat soluble material o not toxins, antibiotics, etc.

45
Q

Cerebral Arterial Circle:

A

cerebral arteries form circle at base of forebrain
o circles pituitary gland + optic chiasma (where optic nerves cross)
o unites the two major blood supplies to the brain (anterior + posterior)
o provides an alternate route for blood if vessels blocked

46
Q

Forebrain:

A

a) cerebrum
(= right + left cerebral hemispheres)

 lobes (named after overlying bones):

i. frontal
ii. temporal
iii. parietal
iv. occipital
v. insula – deep to temporal lobe

47
Q

What surface features does the forebrain have?

A

i. fissures = deep grooves
ii. gyri = ridges
iii. sulci = shallow grooves (separate gyri)

48
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves

 longitudinal fissure
 separates right + left cerebral hemispheres

 transverse fissure
 separates cerebellum + cerebrum

 lateral fissure
 separates temporal lobe from rest of cerebrum

49
Q

gyri

A

ridges
 examples:

o postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe o precentral gyrus in frontal lobe

50
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves (separate gyri)

 example:
o central sulcus – between frontal + parietal lobes

51
Q

What are the 3 layers of the forebrain?

A

i. cerebral cortex
ii. tracts (white matter)
iii. basal nuclei

52
Q

cerebral cortex

A 
 2 – 4 mm thick, gray matter  has functional areas:
 motor areas
 sensory areas
 association areas
 others:
53
Q

motor areas

A

 all in frontal lobe
 control skeletal muscle movement

 3 regions:
a primary motor area (precentral gyrus)
b premotor area
c Broca’s area (motor speech)

54
Q

sensory area

A

a general sensory area (pain, touch, temp,
pressure)
 postcentral gyrus in parietal
lobe

vision
 occipital lobe

auditory + olfaction
 temporal lobe

taste + visceral sensation
(e.g. full bladder)  insula

55
Q

association areas

A

 recognize info from memories

o parietal, occipital, temporal lobes

56
Q

others:

A 
 memory
o temporal lobes
 concious intellect (personality, learning, ideas,
judgement, etc.)
o prefrontal cortex
57
Q

list the types of tracts

A

 association tracts
 from gyrus to gyrus in same hemisphere

 commissural tracts
 from gyrus to gyrus in opposite hemispheres  e.g. corpus callosum

projection tracts
 run vertically (brain to spinal cord / spinal cord to brain

TRACTS= WHITE MATTER

58
Q

basal nuclei

A

control skeletal muscle movement

paired masses of grey matter with white matter

59
Q

Diencephalon

A

all gray matter

a) thalamus
b) hypothalamus

60
Q

thalamus

A

 2 lobes connected by intermediate mass (bridge through 3rd ventricle)

 relay station for impulses coming to cortex (from spinal cord)

61
Q

hypothalamus

A

 inferior to thalamus, above pituitary
 major regulator of the internal environment (visceral control)
o e.g. blood pressure, heart rate

62
Q

Midbrain:

A

 connects pons + diencephalon
 contains cerebral aqueduct
 anterior portion = cerebral peduncles (projection tracts)

 posterior portion = 4 nuclei = corpora quadrigemina
o 2 superior colliculi
• visual reflexes
o 2 inferior colliculi • hearing

63
Q

Hindbrain

A

Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum

64
Q

Pons

A

anterior to cerebellum
tracts between brain + spinal cord, + tracts to/from cerebellum
pontine respiratory centres

65
Q

Medulla

A

 inferior to pons
 ends at foramen magnum

 2 bulges (called pyramids) = large motor tracts (= part of corticospinal tracts)
o just above spinal cord = decussation (crossover) of pyramids

 3 vital centres in medulla:

i. cardiac
ii. vasomotor (blood vessels)
iii. respiratory

 several non-vital centres for swallowing, sneezing, vomiting

66
Q

Brain Stem

A

= midbrain, pons, medulla

67
Q

Cerebellum

A

 posterior to pons/medulla
 has folds similar to gyri = folia
 cortex = gray matter
 arbor vitae (deep to cortex) = white matter

 coordinates skeletal muscle contraction
o balance, posture

68
Q

a) Limbic System

A

 nuclei in cerebrum + diencephalon
 regulates emotions (laughing, crying, etc.)
 contains areas involved in memory (memories evoke emotional responses)

69
Q

Reticular Formation

A

 nuclei in brain stem
 cortex, thalamus, + hypothalamus involved
o (together form RAS = Reticular Activating System)
 regulates alertness + attention
o filters stimuli + only sends new/unusual signals to other brain areas
 sleep results when inhibited  if damaged = coma

70
Q

2 pairs

A

= only sensory neurons o I and II

71
Q

1 pair

A

mainly sensory neurons o VIII

72
Q

9 pairs

A

mixed nerves
o carry both sensory + motor neurons
▪ motor neurons have cell bodies in brainstem nuclei 12

▪ sensory neurons have cell bodies in ganglia of PNS o e.g. trigeminal nerve (V)
▪ motor function = chewing
▪ sensory fxn = conveys general sensations (touch, pressure, pain,
temperature) from face to CNS

73
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs total

Anatomy (19 decks)

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