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Anatomy > Topic 15: Digestive System > Flashcards

Topic 15: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the digestive system include?

A

1) Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

2) Accessory organs

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2
Q

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A

tube from mouth to anus

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3
Q

Accessory organs

A

􏰀 teeth, tongue, salivary glands
􏰀 pancreas
􏰀 liver, gall bladder

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4
Q

List the digestive system processes:

A

1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Defecation

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5
Q

Ingestion

A

food into oral cavity ←

secretion right away (occur throughout entire system)

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6
Q

Digestion

A

􏰀 large molecules broken down into smaller molecules

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7
Q

List the 2 types of Digestion

A

a) mechanical
􏰀 physical breakdown & motility
􏰀 e.g. chewing

b) chemical
􏰀 enzymes + acid secretions - ) salivation

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8
Q

what is the main purpose of the stomach?

A

storage= can remove it and person will still be alive

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9
Q

Absorption

A 
# 1 goal (want carbs etc )
􏰀 end products of digestion enter blood or lymph
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10
Q

Defecation

A

elimination of undigested material

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11
Q

List the 4 basic layers of the GI tract

A

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis Externa
4) Serosa (or adventitia)

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12
Q

List the layers of the mucosa

A

a) epithelium with numerous goblet cells
􏰀 stratified squamous: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal
􏰀 simple columnar: stomach, small + large intestines, rectum

b) lamina propria = areolar CT
􏰀 contains blood, lymph vessels, lymph nodules/tissues (immune)

c) muscularis mucosa
􏰀 smooth muscle - allows movement of mucosa

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13
Q

Submucosa

A

areolar CT

􏰀 contains: blood + lymphatic vessels, submucosal nerve plexus

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14
Q

Muscularis Externa

A 
􏰀 smooth muscle
􏰀 inner circular layer
􏰀 outer longitudinal layer
􏰀 myenteric nerve plexus between layers
􏰀 contractions cause motility (mixing + movement)
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15
Q

What does the oral cavity include?

A

a) lips
b) cheeks
c) palate
d) tongue

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16
Q

hard palate

A

2 maxillae + 2 palatine bones

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17
Q

soft palate

A

(posterior to hard palate) 􏰀 skeletal muscle
􏰀 posterior projection = uvula
􏰀 rises to close the nasopharynx when swallowing

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18
Q

tongue

A

skeletal muscle
􏰀 projections of mucosa = papillae (taste buds)
- attcahed to hyoid bone

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19
Q

List the Salivary Glands:

A

parotid
􏰀 inferior and anterior to ears
􏰀 mumps = inflammation of 1 or both parotids

submandibular
􏰀 floor of mouth

sublingual
􏰀 below tongue on floor of mouth

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20
Q

saliva

A
  1. 5% water

0. 5% solutes (e.g. enzymes)

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21
Q

Dentition (teeth):

A

in maxillae and mandible

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22
Q

child dentition

A

o primary dentition

- deciduous teeth

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23
Q

adult dentition

A

secondary dentition

􏰂 permanent teeth

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24
Q

How many total teeth do adults have vs children?

A 
adults= 32 
children= 20
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25
Q

crown

A

􏰀 above the gum
dentin = majority of tooth

􏰀 enamel overlay = acellular, highly calcified 􏰂 hard!
- bacteria wear it down =
cavity

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26
Q

root

A

dentin + cementum overlay

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27
Q

NOTE: dentin, enamel, & cementum

A

similar to bone, but avascular

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28
Q

List the how many of each tooth children have

A 
central incisor: 1 
lateral incisor: 1 
canine: 1 
Premolar:0 
molar: 2 
x 4 each
29
Q

List the how many of each tooth adults have

A 
central incisor: 1 
lateral incisor: 1 
canine: 1 
Premolar:2
molar: 3 
x 4 each
30
Q

neck

A

enamel + cementum boundary (gums)

31
Q

periodontal ligaments

A

attach root to bones

32
Q

root canal extends to pulp cavity

A

contains CT, blood/lymph vessels, and nerves

33
Q

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx:

A

only muscularis externa (skeletal muscle) and stratifIied squamous

34
Q

Esophagus:

A

posterior to trachea
􏰁 passes through diaphragm to the abdominal cavity
all 4 histological layers in GI tract from this point on

35
Q

What are the exceptions in esophagus in regards to histology?

A

a) muscularis externa
􏰁 upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle
􏰁 middle 1/3 = skeletal + smooth muscle
􏰁 lower 1/3 = smooth muscle

b) has adventitia
􏰁 = fibrous connective tissue (no epithelium)

36
Q

List the regions of the stomach

A

a) cardiac region (cardia):
􏰁 attached to esophagus

b) fundus
􏰁 above esophageal entrance

c) body

d) pyloric region (pylorus)
􏰁 has pyloric sphincter

37
Q

Stomach function

A

􏰁 has greater and lesser curvatures

􏰁 converts food into chyme (= food + gastric juice)

38
Q

describe the stomach mucosa

A

o invagination of epithelium forms gastric glands (exocrine) 􏰁 secrete gastric juice to lumen

39
Q

what do gastric glands contain

A

a) chief cells
􏰁 secrete pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin) + gastric lipase (enzymes)

b) parietal cells
􏰁 secrete HCl (pH 2)

c) G cells (enteroendocrine cells)
􏰁 secrete gastrin (hormone)

d) Goblet cells (surface epithelium also contains many goblet cells)

40
Q

rugae

A

folds of the mucosa + submucosa due to contraction of muscularis mucosa

o allows expansion of stomach without tearing

41
Q

describe the muscularis externa of stomach

A 
o function = churning
o 3 layers:
a) inner oblique
b) middle circular
c) outer longitudinal
42
Q

Small Intestine:

A

pyloric sphincter to ileocaecal valve

43
Q

Describe the segments of the small intestine

A 
a) duodenum
􏰁 first fold (short) 􏰕 retroperitoneal
􏰁 extra glands here secrete alkaline mucous to protect against stomach acid
(neutralize stomach
acid
= not cause damage
t o
S I

b) jejunum
􏰁 middle section

c) ileum
􏰁 attached to caecum (part of large intestine)
- has group of lymph nodules= peyer’s patches

44
Q

peyer’s patches

A

group of lymph nodules

- prevent infection of sm int. and bacteria from entering blood

45
Q

What are the segments in SI specialized for?

A

to increase absorption surface area

46
Q
A

a) plicae circulares- submucosa thrown into folds

b) villi- projections of mucosa into lumen
􏰁 contains:
o blood capillaries
o lacteals (= lymph capillaries that absorb fats)

c) microvilli- brush border on enterocytes (simple columnar)
- extend into lumen

47
Q
A 
within epithelium separate enteroendocrine cells secrete the hormones:
o secretin
o cholecystokinin (CCK)
48
Q

List the SI acessory organs

A

a. pancreas
b. liver
c. gall bladder

49
Q

Pancreas

A

retroperitoneal

􏰁 parts: head, body tail

50
Q

what is the largest gland in the body

A

liver

51
Q

Liver

A 
􏰁 4 lobes:
o right, left , quadrate, caudate
􏰁 cells = hepatocytes; hepa = liver
􏰁 filters material from GI tract (nutrients, toxins, etc.) before going to rest of body
 􏰁 produces bile for fat digestion
52
Q

Gall Bladder

A

muscular sac on surface of liver
rugae, no submucosa

stores and concentrates bile between meals

53
Q

Large Intestine:

A

􏰁 ileocaecal valve to anus

􏰁 no villi or folds

54
Q

What does the large intestine consist of?

A

a) caecum
b) appendix
c) colon
d) rectum
e) anus

55
Q

list the parts of the colon

A

i. ascending (right side)
ii. hepatic flexure
iii. transverse
iv. splenic flexure
v. descending (left side)
vi. sigmoid

􏰁 muscularis externa longitudinal layer incomplete = taeniae coli o contraction forms pouches = haustra
􏰁 epiploic appendages = fat filled pouches o function unknown

56
Q

rectum

A

no taeniae coli

􏰁 anal canal = last 3 cm

57
Q

anus

A

2 anal sphincters: internal (smooth muscle) + external (skeletal muslce 􏰕 voluntary control)

58
Q

Immune function:

A

􏰁 lymph nodules in mucosa throughout small + large intestine 􏰁 Peyers patches in ileum
o prevent infection of small intestine and prevent bacteria from entering blood

59
Q

Describe the function of the lymphatic system in the intestines

A

1) Immune function:

2) Digestive function:

60
Q

2) Digestive function:

A

􏰁 lymph vessels

o most absorbed fats from small intestine enters lacteals (some into blood)

61
Q

Portal System

A

blood vessels between 2 capillary beds ( but blood doesn’t pass through the heart between them)

62
Q

peritoneum

A

abdomen

63
Q

serous membrane

A

o visceral peritoneum (against organ wall)
o parietal peritoneum (against abdominal cavity wall)
o peritoneal cavity = filled with serous fluid

64
Q

serosa between organ

A

= sheet of 2 fused visceral peritoneum layers o contains blood/lymph vessels + nerves

65
Q

omenta:

A

forms folds in some areas

66
Q

greater vs lesser

A

1) greater omentum
􏰁 “fatty apron”
􏰁 covers transverse colon + sm. int.
􏰁 has fat - protection, insulation, energy reserve

2) lesser omentum
􏰀 liver to stomach

67
Q

mesentery

A

suspends small intestine from cavity wall

double layer of parietal peritoneum

68
Q

retroperitoneal

A 
o behind the peritoneum
o peritoneum lines only one side
􏰀 e.g. pancreas, duodenum
o anterior = parietal peritoneum
o posterior = CT (adventitia)
69
Q

peritonitis

A
  • inflammation of the peritoneum

- due to burst appendix wounds

Anatomy (19 decks)

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