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Anatomy > Topic 15: Digestive System > Flashcards

Topic 15: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the digestive system include?

A

1) Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

2) Accessory organs

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2
Q

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A

tube from mouth to anus

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3
Q

Accessory organs

A

􏰀 teeth, tongue, salivary glands
􏰀 pancreas
􏰀 liver, gall bladder

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4
Q

List the digestive system processes:

A

1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Defecation

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5
Q

Ingestion

A

food into oral cavity ←

secretion right away (occur throughout entire system)

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6
Q

Digestion

A

􏰀 large molecules broken down into smaller molecules

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7
Q

List the 2 types of Digestion

A

a) mechanical
􏰀 physical breakdown & motility
􏰀 e.g. chewing

b) chemical
􏰀 enzymes + acid secretions - ) salivation

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8
Q

what is the main purpose of the stomach?

A

storage= can remove it and person will still be alive

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9
Q

Absorption

A 
# 1 goal (want carbs etc )
􏰀 end products of digestion enter blood or lymph
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10
Q

Defecation

A

elimination of undigested material

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11
Q

List the 4 basic layers of the GI tract

A

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis Externa
4) Serosa (or adventitia)

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12
Q

List the layers of the mucosa

A

a) epithelium with numerous goblet cells
􏰀 stratified squamous: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal
􏰀 simple columnar: stomach, small + large intestines, rectum

b) lamina propria = areolar CT
􏰀 contains blood, lymph vessels, lymph nodules/tissues (immune)

c) muscularis mucosa
􏰀 smooth muscle - allows movement of mucosa

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13
Q

Submucosa

A

areolar CT

􏰀 contains: blood + lymphatic vessels, submucosal nerve plexus

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14
Q

Muscularis Externa

A 
􏰀 smooth muscle
􏰀 inner circular layer
􏰀 outer longitudinal layer
􏰀 myenteric nerve plexus between layers
􏰀 contractions cause motility (mixing + movement)
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15
Q

What does the oral cavity include?

A

a) lips
b) cheeks
c) palate
d) tongue

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16
Q

hard palate

A

2 maxillae + 2 palatine bones

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17
Q

soft palate

A

(posterior to hard palate) 􏰀 skeletal muscle
􏰀 posterior projection = uvula
􏰀 rises to close the nasopharynx when swallowing

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18
Q

tongue

A

skeletal muscle
􏰀 projections of mucosa = papillae (taste buds)
- attcahed to hyoid bone

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19
Q

List the Salivary Glands:

A

parotid
􏰀 inferior and anterior to ears
􏰀 mumps = inflammation of 1 or both parotids

submandibular
􏰀 floor of mouth

sublingual
􏰀 below tongue on floor of mouth

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20
Q

saliva

A
  1. 5% water

0. 5% solutes (e.g. enzymes)

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21
Q

Dentition (teeth):

A

in maxillae and mandible

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22
Q

child dentition

A

o primary dentition

- deciduous teeth

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23
Q

adult dentition

A

secondary dentition

􏰂 permanent teeth

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24
Q

How many total teeth do adults have vs children?

A 
adults= 32 
children= 20
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25
crown
􏰀 above the gum dentin = majority of tooth 􏰀 enamel overlay = acellular, highly calcified 􏰂 hard! - bacteria wear it down = cavity
26
root
dentin + cementum overlay
27
NOTE: dentin, enamel, & cementum
similar to bone, but avascular
28
List the how many of each tooth children have
``` central incisor: 1 lateral incisor: 1 canine: 1 Premolar:0 molar: 2 x 4 each ```
29
List the how many of each tooth adults have
``` central incisor: 1 lateral incisor: 1 canine: 1 Premolar:2 molar: 3 x 4 each ```
30
neck
enamel + cementum boundary (gums)
31
periodontal ligaments
attach root to bones
32
root canal extends to pulp cavity
contains CT, blood/lymph vessels, and nerves
33
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx:
only muscularis externa (skeletal muscle) and stratifIied squamous
34
Esophagus:
posterior to trachea 􏰁 passes through diaphragm to the abdominal cavity all 4 histological layers in GI tract from this point on
35
What are the exceptions in esophagus in regards to histology?
a) muscularis externa 􏰁 upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle 􏰁 middle 1/3 = skeletal + smooth muscle 􏰁 lower 1/3 = smooth muscle b) has adventitia 􏰁 = fibrous connective tissue (no epithelium)
36
List the regions of the stomach
a) cardiac region (cardia): 􏰁 attached to esophagus b) fundus 􏰁 above esophageal entrance c) body d) pyloric region (pylorus) 􏰁 has pyloric sphincter
37
Stomach function
􏰁 has greater and lesser curvatures | 􏰁 converts food into chyme (= food + gastric juice)
38
describe the stomach mucosa
o invagination of epithelium forms gastric glands (exocrine) 􏰁 secrete gastric juice to lumen
39
what do gastric glands contain
a) chief cells 􏰁 secrete pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin) + gastric lipase (enzymes) b) parietal cells 􏰁 secrete HCl (pH 2) c) G cells (enteroendocrine cells) 􏰁 secrete gastrin (hormone) d) Goblet cells (surface epithelium also contains many goblet cells)
40
rugae
folds of the mucosa + submucosa due to contraction of muscularis mucosa o allows expansion of stomach without tearing
41
describe the muscularis externa of stomach
``` o function = churning o 3 layers: a) inner oblique b) middle circular c) outer longitudinal ```
42
Small Intestine:
pyloric sphincter to ileocaecal valve
43
Describe the segments of the small intestine
``` a) duodenum 􏰁 first fold (short) 􏰕 retroperitoneal 􏰁 extra glands here secrete alkaline mucous to protect against stomach acid (neutralize stomach acid = not cause damage t o S I ``` b) jejunum 􏰁 middle section c) ileum 􏰁 attached to caecum (part of large intestine) - has group of lymph nodules= peyer's patches
44
peyer's patches
group of lymph nodules | - prevent infection of sm int. and bacteria from entering blood
45
What are the segments in SI specialized for?
to increase absorption surface area
46
a) plicae circulares- submucosa thrown into folds b) villi- projections of mucosa into lumen 􏰁 contains: o blood capillaries o lacteals (= lymph capillaries that absorb fats) c) microvilli- brush border on enterocytes (simple columnar) - extend into lumen
47
``` within epithelium separate enteroendocrine cells secrete the hormones: o secretin o cholecystokinin (CCK) ```
48
List the SI acessory organs
a. pancreas b. liver c. gall bladder
49
Pancreas
retroperitoneal | 􏰁 parts: head, body tail
50
what is the largest gland in the body
liver
51
Liver
``` 􏰁 4 lobes: o right, left , quadrate, caudate 􏰁 cells = hepatocytes; hepa = liver 􏰁 filters material from GI tract (nutrients, toxins, etc.) before going to rest of body 􏰁 produces bile for fat digestion ```
52
Gall Bladder
muscular sac on surface of liver rugae, no submucosa stores and concentrates bile between meals
53
Large Intestine:
􏰁 ileocaecal valve to anus | 􏰁 no villi or folds
54
What does the large intestine consist of?
a) caecum b) appendix c) colon d) rectum e) anus
55
list the parts of the colon
i. ascending (right side) ii. hepatic flexure iii. transverse iv. splenic flexure v. descending (left side) vi. sigmoid 􏰁 muscularis externa longitudinal layer incomplete = taeniae coli o contraction forms pouches = haustra 􏰁 epiploic appendages = fat filled pouches o function unknown
56
rectum
no taeniae coli | 􏰁 anal canal = last 3 cm
57
anus
2 anal sphincters: internal (smooth muscle) + external (skeletal muslce 􏰕 voluntary control)
58
Immune function:
􏰁 lymph nodules in mucosa throughout small + large intestine 􏰁 Peyers patches in ileum o prevent infection of small intestine and prevent bacteria from entering blood
59
Describe the function of the lymphatic system in the intestines
1) Immune function: | 2) Digestive function:
60
2) Digestive function:
􏰁 lymph vessels | o most absorbed fats from small intestine enters lacteals (some into blood)
61
Portal System
blood vessels between 2 capillary beds ( but blood doesn't pass through the heart between them)
62
peritoneum
abdomen
63
serous membrane
o visceral peritoneum (against organ wall) o parietal peritoneum (against abdominal cavity wall) o peritoneal cavity = filled with serous fluid
64
serosa between organ
= sheet of 2 fused visceral peritoneum layers o contains blood/lymph vessels + nerves
65
omenta:
forms folds in some areas
66
greater vs lesser
1) greater omentum 􏰁 "fatty apron" 􏰁 covers transverse colon + sm. int. 􏰁 has fat - protection, insulation, energy reserve 2) lesser omentum 􏰀 liver to stomach
67
mesentery
suspends small intestine from cavity wall | double layer of parietal peritoneum
68
retroperitoneal
``` o behind the peritoneum o peritoneum lines only one side 􏰀 e.g. pancreas, duodenum o anterior = parietal peritoneum o posterior = CT (adventitia) ```
69
peritonitis
- inflammation of the peritoneum | - due to burst appendix wounds

Anatomy (19 decks)

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