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Anatomy > Topic 10: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Topic 10: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical position

A

feet, face, & palms forward

  • standing in an upright position
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2
Q

anterior

A

front- ventral

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3
Q

posterior

A

bcak- dorsal

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4
Q

proximal

A

close

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5
Q

distal

A

far

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6
Q

What are 2 divisions of the skeletal system?

A

1) Axial skeleton (80 bones)

2) Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)

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7
Q

Axial Skeleton

A 
80 bones)
a) skull
b) hyoid bone
c) vertebral column
d) thoracic cage
— sternum + ribs
  • draw line from head down; axis of body
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8
Q

superior

A

above

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9
Q

inferior

A

down

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10
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A 
126 bones)
— limbs + bones that attach them to axial skeleton (girdles)
a) pectoral girdle
b) pelvic girdle
c) upper limb (arm, forearm, + hand)
d) lower limb (thigh, leg, + foot)
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11
Q

how many bones are in the body?

A

206 IN TOTAL

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12
Q

articulations

A

connections between bones (joints)

e.g. the humerus articulates with the scapula

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13
Q

lateral

A

side view

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14
Q

List the 3 main groupings of skulls:

A

a) cranium – 8 bones (next to brain)
b) facial bones – 14 bones
c) auditory ossicles – 6 (3 bones on each side in the middle ears)

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15
Q

List the bones in the cranium

A

i. 1 frontal (forehead)
ii. 2 parietal
iii. 2 temporal
iv. 1 sphenoid
v. 1 ethmoid – forms superior + middle nasal chonchae
vi. 1 occipital

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16
Q

List the bones in facial bones:

A

i. 2 nasal
ii. 2 maxillae
iii. 2 zygomatic
iv. 2 lacrimal
v. 2 palatine
— 2 palatine + 2 maxillae = hard palate
vi. 2 inferior nasal chonchae
vii. 1 vomer
viii. 1 mandible

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17
Q

List the bones in auditory ossicles:

A

i. incus
ii. malleus
iii. stapes

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18
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

— no articulations (joints/connections to other bones)

— attaches muscles of tongue and neck, assists in swallowing

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19
Q

How many vertebrae do we have?

A

26

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20
Q

List the 5 regions of the Vertebral Column:

A

a) cervical (7)
b) thoracic (12)
c) lumbar (5)
d) sacrum (1)
e) coccyx (1)

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21
Q

List the features of a typical vertebral structure:

A 
o body 
o spinous process (1)
o transverse process (2)
o lamina (2) 
o pedicle (2)
o vertebral foramen
o superior + inferior articular facets 
o intervertebral foramina
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22
Q

body

A

– thick anterior portion

  • supports weight of body
  • main portion
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23
Q

spinous process

A

(1) – median posterior projection

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24
Q

transverse process

A

(2) – lateral bony projections for muscle attachment

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25
Q

lamina

A

(2) – connects the two processes

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26
Q

pedicle

A

(2) – connects body to transverse process

* bulky spehrical

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27
Q

vertebral foramen

A

hole for spinal cord

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28
Q

superior + inferior articular facets

A

– articulate (joints) with vertebrae above and below

facets= smooth surface

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29
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

– exit for spinal nerves

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30
Q

Describe the characteristics of cervical vertebrae by region:

A

a) cervical (C1-C7)
— C1, C2 = atypical
— C3-C7 = typical

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31
Q

C1

A

= atlas
o no body, no spinous process

o articulates with occipital condyle of skull
¦ allows nodding (“yes”) motion

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32
Q

C2

A

= axis
o dens (= odontoid process)
o pivot joint around which atlas swivels
=> allows shaking (“no”) motion

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33
Q

What do all of (c1-C7) have in common?

A

— C1-C7: ALL have transverse foramina

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34
Q

thoracic

A

T1-T12)

— ALL articulate with ribs via costal facet

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35
Q

lumbar

A

(L1-L5)
— support upper body weight
— ALL have large bodies & rectangular spinous processes

  • way larger than atlas- as you go down body structures are larger to support more weigth
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36
Q

sacrum

A

= 5 fused vertebrae

— articulates with ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5

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37
Q

coccyx

A 
— = 3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4
— = tailbone
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38
Q

Describe the curvature of the spinal column

A

a) cervical + lumbar
— curved convex anteriorly = concave posteriorly
b) thoracic + sacrum
— curved concave anteriorly = convex posteriorly

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39
Q

abnormal curvature:

A

a) scoliosis
— spinal column curves laterally

b) kyphosis
— exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)

c) lordosis
— exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)

40
Q

What does the thoracic cage include:

A

a) sternum (breast bone)

b) ribs

41
Q

sternum

A 
breast bone)
— 3 parts:
i. manubrium – superior
ii. body – middle
iii. xiphoid process – inferior
42
Q

ribs

A

— 12 pairs total (articulate posteriorly with T1-T12)

o 7 pairs = true ribs
-attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

o 5 pairs = false ribs
- attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10) or not all =
floating ribs (11, 12 – embedded in muscle)
43
Q

true ribs

A

o 7 pairs

attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

44
Q

false ribs

A

5 pairs
- attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10) or not all =
floating ribs (11, 12 – embedded in muscle)

45
Q

What bones does the pectoral girdle include?

A

a) clavicle

b) scapula

46
Q

clavicle

A

(collarbone)
— articulates with sternum (manubrium) & scapula (acromion process)
— connects axial & appendicular skeletons

47
Q

scapula

A

— spine (on posterior)
— acromion process
— glenoid fossa/cavity
— coracoid process

48
Q

acromion process

A

articulates with clavicle

49
Q

glenoid fossa/cavity

A

articulates head of humerus

50
Q

coracoid process

A

attaches muscles for arm and chest

51
Q

What does the pelvic girdle include?

A

— composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones) each with 3 bones:

a) ilium
b) ischium
c) pubis

52
Q

List the joints of the pelvic girdle

A

a) pubic symphysis
b) sacroiliac joint – sacrum + ilium
c) acetabulum – articulates with head of femur
¦ all 3 bones of os coxa join here

53
Q

ilium

A

articulates with sacrum

54
Q

ischium

A

most inferior part = ischial tuberosity

55
Q

pubis

A

left and right joined by pubic symphysis

56
Q

List the bones of the upper limb

A

a) humerus
b) radius (lateral) / ulna (medial)
c) carpals (8) = wrist
d) metacarpals (5) = palm
e) phalanges (14) = digits (fingers and thumb)

— note: all are LONG bones (except carpals

57
Q

List the bones of the lower limb

A

a) femur
b) patella (knee cap)
c) tibia (medial) / fibula (lateral)
d) tarsals (7)
— talus – articulates with tibia
— calcaneus = heal bone
e) metatarsals (5) = sole
f) phalanges (14) = digits (toes)
— note: all are LONG bones (except patella and tarsals)

58
Q

How can you differentiate between left and right for the scapula and humerus?

A

— e.g. scapula
o spine (posterior)
o glenoid fossa (lateral)

— e.g. humerus
o olecranon fossa (posterior)
o head (medial)

59
Q

How can you differentiate between left and right for the femur and tibia?

A

— e.g. femur
o lateral/medial condyles (posterior)
o head (medial)

— e.g. tibia
o tibial tuberosity (anterior)
o medial malleolus (medial)

60
Q

List the components of long bone

A

1) diaphysis
2) epiphyses
3) epiphyseal plate
4) epiphyseal line
5) medullary cavity
6) periosteum
7) endosteum
8) articular cartilage

61
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft (body)

62
Q

epiphyses

A

proximal and distal extremities

63
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

— hyaline cartilage

— used for bone growth (length)

64
Q

epiphyseal line

A

— replaces plate with bone when growth completed

— plate/line – where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet

65
Q

medullary cavity

A

red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adult

66
Q

periosteum

A 
— external surface
— 2 layers of connective tissue
o outer = dense irregular
o inner = mainly osteoblasts + osteoclasts
— allows bone to grow in diameter
67
Q

endosteum

A

lines medullary cavity AND canals (contains osteoblasts + osteoclasts)

68
Q

articular cartilage

A

— hyaline (only at articulation points)

— prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)

69
Q

Describe the composition of bone

A

a) cells
i. osteoblasts
ii. osteocytes
iii. osteoclasts

b) matrix
i. ground substance
— hydroxyapatite = insoluble Ca2+ phosphate salts (strength)
— water
ii. collagen fibres (flexibility

70
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

compact and spongy bone

71
Q

compact bone

A

— covers external surfaces of ALL bones
— structure:
o composed of osteons

72
Q

What does each osteon contain?

A

i. Lamellae
ii. Lacunae (with osteocytes)
iii. Canaliculi
iv. Osteonic/Central Canal
v. Interosteonic/Perforating Canal

73
Q

Lamellae

A

concentric circles of matrix

74
Q

Lacuna

A 
Between lamellae (space within matrix where
osteocytes live)
75
Q

Canaliculi

A

small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply

and to each other

76
Q

Osteonic/Central Canal

A

contains blood vessels and nerves

¦ lined with endosteum

77
Q

Interosteonic/Perforating Canal

A

¦ perpendicular to central canal
¦ carry blood supply from periosteum to central canals
and medullary cavity

78
Q

Describe the structure of spongy bone

A

o NO osteons
o have trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae)

o canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae

spaces contain bone marrow
— red marrow produces blood cells

79
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

— flat & irregular bone (e.g. skull, ribs, vertebrae)
— long bones
¦ epiphyses
¦ lining medullary cavity

80
Q

Describe the composition of hyaline cartilage

A

) cells
i. chondrocytes in lacunae

b) matrix:
i. ground substance
• contains chondroitin sulphate + hyaluronic acid
• water
ii. collagen fibres

c) non-vascular

81
Q

Articulations / Joints

A

point of contact between 2 or more bones

82
Q

What is the structural classification of Articulations / Joints based on

A

o presence/absence of joint cavity

o type of CT

83
Q

List the types of structural joints

A

a) Fibrous
b) Cartilaginous
c) Synovial

84
Q

Fibrous

A

— no joint cavity
— fibrous CT
— e.g. sutures in skull (fontanels in a newborn)

85
Q

Cartilaginous

A

no joint cavity
— cartilage attaches bones
— e.g. pubic symphysis, costal cartilages of ribs

86
Q

Synovial

A

e.g. shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

87
Q

Describe the structure of synovial joints

A

• articular cartilage (hyaline)

• joint cavity
¦ contains synovial fluid

• articular/joint capsule
¦ outer layer = fibrous capsule
• attaches to periosteum
• may have ligaments within (capsule =
thickened) or separate
¦ inner layer = synovial membrane (CT only)
• secretes synovial fluid
88
Q

List the types of synovial joints

A

i. plane/gliding
ii hinge
iii pivot
iv. ball and socket

89
Q

plane/gliding

A

¦ flat surfaces

¦ e.g. sacroiliac

90
Q

hinge

A

¦ concave/convex surfaces

¦ e.g. elbow, knee

91
Q

pivot

A

¦ projection in ring

¦ e.g. dens (on axis) in atlas

92
Q

ball & socket

A

¦ great freedom of movement
¦ e.g.1: humerus in glenoid fossa
¦ e.g.2: femur in acetabulum (hip)

93
Q

Functional Classification is based on:

A

degree of movement

94
Q

List the types of functional joints

A

a) Synarthrotic
b) Amphiarthrotic
c) Diarthrotic

95
Q

Synarthrotic

A

— immovable

— e.g. skull sutures

96
Q

Amphiarthrotic

A

— slightly moveable

— e.g. pubic symphysis

97
Q

Diarthrotic

A

— freely moveable

— e.g. hip, shoulde

Anatomy (19 decks)

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