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Anatomy > Topic 10: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Topic 10: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical position

A

feet, face, & palms forward

  • standing in an upright position
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2
Q

anterior

A

front- ventral

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3
Q

posterior

A

bcak- dorsal

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4
Q

proximal

A

close

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5
Q

distal

A

far

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6
Q

What are 2 divisions of the skeletal system?

A

1) Axial skeleton (80 bones)

2) Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)

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7
Q

Axial Skeleton

A 
80 bones)
a) skull
b) hyoid bone
c) vertebral column
d) thoracic cage
— sternum + ribs
  • draw line from head down; axis of body
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8
Q

superior

A

above

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9
Q

inferior

A

down

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10
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A 
126 bones)
— limbs + bones that attach them to axial skeleton (girdles)
a) pectoral girdle
b) pelvic girdle
c) upper limb (arm, forearm, + hand)
d) lower limb (thigh, leg, + foot)
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11
Q

how many bones are in the body?

A

206 IN TOTAL

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12
Q

articulations

A

connections between bones (joints)

e.g. the humerus articulates with the scapula

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13
Q

lateral

A

side view

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14
Q

List the 3 main groupings of skulls:

A

a) cranium – 8 bones (next to brain)
b) facial bones – 14 bones
c) auditory ossicles – 6 (3 bones on each side in the middle ears)

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15
Q

List the bones in the cranium

A

i. 1 frontal (forehead)
ii. 2 parietal
iii. 2 temporal
iv. 1 sphenoid
v. 1 ethmoid – forms superior + middle nasal chonchae
vi. 1 occipital

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16
Q

List the bones in facial bones:

A

i. 2 nasal
ii. 2 maxillae
iii. 2 zygomatic
iv. 2 lacrimal
v. 2 palatine
— 2 palatine + 2 maxillae = hard palate
vi. 2 inferior nasal chonchae
vii. 1 vomer
viii. 1 mandible

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17
Q

List the bones in auditory ossicles:

A

i. incus
ii. malleus
iii. stapes

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18
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

— no articulations (joints/connections to other bones)

— attaches muscles of tongue and neck, assists in swallowing

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19
Q

How many vertebrae do we have?

A

26

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20
Q

List the 5 regions of the Vertebral Column:

A

a) cervical (7)
b) thoracic (12)
c) lumbar (5)
d) sacrum (1)
e) coccyx (1)

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21
Q

List the features of a typical vertebral structure:

A 
o body 
o spinous process (1)
o transverse process (2)
o lamina (2) 
o pedicle (2)
o vertebral foramen
o superior + inferior articular facets 
o intervertebral foramina
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22
Q

body

A

– thick anterior portion

  • supports weight of body
  • main portion
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23
Q

spinous process

A

(1) – median posterior projection

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24
Q

transverse process

A

(2) – lateral bony projections for muscle attachment

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25
lamina
(2) – connects the two processes
26
pedicle
(2) – connects body to transverse process | * bulky spehrical
27
vertebral foramen
hole for spinal cord
28
superior + inferior articular facets
– articulate (joints) with vertebrae above and below facets= smooth surface
29
intervertebral foramina
– exit for spinal nerves
30
Describe the characteristics of cervical vertebrae by region:
a) cervical (C1-C7) — C1, C2 = atypical — C3-C7 = typical
31
C1
= atlas o no body, no spinous process o articulates with occipital condyle of skull ¦ allows nodding (“yes”) motion
32
C2
= axis o dens (= odontoid process) o pivot joint around which atlas swivels => allows shaking (“no”) motion
33
What do all of (c1-C7) have in common?
— C1-C7: ALL have transverse foramina
34
thoracic
T1-T12) | — ALL articulate with ribs via costal facet
35
lumbar
(L1-L5) — support upper body weight — ALL have large bodies & rectangular spinous processes * way larger than atlas- as you go down body structures are larger to support more weigth
36
sacrum
= 5 fused vertebrae | — articulates with ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5
37
coccyx
``` — = 3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4 — = tailbone ```
38
Describe the curvature of the spinal column
a) cervical + lumbar — curved convex anteriorly = concave posteriorly b) thoracic + sacrum — curved concave anteriorly = convex posteriorly
39
abnormal curvature:
a) scoliosis — spinal column curves laterally b) kyphosis — exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback) c) lordosis — exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)
40
What does the thoracic cage include:
a) sternum (breast bone) | b) ribs
41
sternum
``` breast bone) — 3 parts: i. manubrium – superior ii. body – middle iii. xiphoid process – inferior ```
42
ribs
— 12 pairs total (articulate posteriorly with T1-T12) o 7 pairs = true ribs -attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage) ``` o 5 pairs = false ribs - attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10) or not all = floating ribs (11, 12 – embedded in muscle) ```
43
true ribs
o 7 pairs | attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
44
false ribs
5 pairs - attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10) or not all = floating ribs (11, 12 – embedded in muscle)
45
What bones does the pectoral girdle include?
a) clavicle | b) scapula
46
clavicle
(collarbone) — articulates with sternum (manubrium) & scapula (acromion process) — connects axial & appendicular skeletons
47
scapula
— spine (on posterior) — acromion process — glenoid fossa/cavity — coracoid process
48
acromion process
articulates with clavicle
49
glenoid fossa/cavity
articulates head of humerus
50
coracoid process
attaches muscles for arm and chest
51
What does the pelvic girdle include?
— composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones) each with 3 bones: a) ilium b) ischium c) pubis
52
List the joints of the pelvic girdle
a) pubic symphysis b) sacroiliac joint – sacrum + ilium c) acetabulum – articulates with head of femur ¦ all 3 bones of os coxa join here
53
ilium
articulates with sacrum
54
ischium
most inferior part = ischial tuberosity
55
pubis
left and right joined by pubic symphysis
56
List the bones of the upper limb
a) humerus b) radius (lateral) / ulna (medial) c) carpals (8) = wrist d) metacarpals (5) = palm e) phalanges (14) = digits (fingers and thumb) — note: all are LONG bones (except carpals
57
List the bones of the lower limb
a) femur b) patella (knee cap) c) tibia (medial) / fibula (lateral) d) tarsals (7) — talus – articulates with tibia — calcaneus = heal bone e) metatarsals (5) = sole f) phalanges (14) = digits (toes) — note: all are LONG bones (except patella and tarsals)
58
How can you differentiate between left and right for the scapula and humerus?
— e.g. scapula o spine (posterior) o glenoid fossa (lateral) — e.g. humerus o olecranon fossa (posterior) o head (medial)
59
How can you differentiate between left and right for the femur and tibia?
— e.g. femur o lateral/medial condyles (posterior) o head (medial) — e.g. tibia o tibial tuberosity (anterior) o medial malleolus (medial)
60
List the components of long bone
1) diaphysis 2) epiphyses 3) epiphyseal plate 4) epiphyseal line 5) medullary cavity 6) periosteum 7) endosteum 8) articular cartilage
61
diaphysis
shaft (body)
62
epiphyses
proximal and distal extremities
63
epiphyseal plate
— hyaline cartilage | — used for bone growth (length)
64
epiphyseal line
— replaces plate with bone when growth completed | — plate/line – where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet
65
medullary cavity
red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adult
66
periosteum
``` — external surface — 2 layers of connective tissue o outer = dense irregular o inner = mainly osteoblasts + osteoclasts — allows bone to grow in diameter ```
67
endosteum
lines medullary cavity AND canals (contains osteoblasts + osteoclasts)
68
articular cartilage
— hyaline (only at articulation points) | — prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)
69
Describe the composition of bone
a) cells i. osteoblasts ii. osteocytes iii. osteoclasts b) matrix i. ground substance — hydroxyapatite = insoluble Ca2+ phosphate salts (strength) — water ii. collagen fibres (flexibility
70
What are the 2 types of bone?
compact and spongy bone
71
compact bone
— covers external surfaces of ALL bones — structure: o composed of osteons
72
What does each osteon contain?
i. Lamellae ii. Lacunae (with osteocytes) iii. Canaliculi iv. Osteonic/Central Canal v. Interosteonic/Perforating Canal
73
Lamellae
concentric circles of matrix
74
Lacuna
``` Between lamellae (space within matrix where osteocytes live) ```
75
Canaliculi
small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply | and to each other
76
Osteonic/Central Canal
contains blood vessels and nerves | ¦ lined with endosteum
77
Interosteonic/Perforating Canal
¦ perpendicular to central canal ¦ carry blood supply from periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity
78
Describe the structure of spongy bone
o NO osteons o have trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae) o canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae spaces contain bone marrow — red marrow produces blood cells
79
Where is spongy bone found?
— flat & irregular bone (e.g. skull, ribs, vertebrae) — long bones ¦ epiphyses ¦ lining medullary cavity
80
Describe the composition of hyaline cartilage
) cells i. chondrocytes in lacunae b) matrix: i. ground substance • contains chondroitin sulphate + hyaluronic acid • water ii. collagen fibres c) non-vascular
81
Articulations / Joints
point of contact between 2 or more bones
82
What is the structural classification of Articulations / Joints based on
o presence/absence of joint cavity | o type of CT
83
List the types of structural joints
a) Fibrous b) Cartilaginous c) Synovial
84
Fibrous
— no joint cavity — fibrous CT — e.g. sutures in skull (fontanels in a newborn)
85
Cartilaginous
no joint cavity — cartilage attaches bones — e.g. pubic symphysis, costal cartilages of ribs
86
Synovial
e.g. shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
87
Describe the structure of synovial joints
• articular cartilage (hyaline) • joint cavity ¦ contains synovial fluid ``` • articular/joint capsule ¦ outer layer = fibrous capsule • attaches to periosteum • may have ligaments within (capsule = thickened) or separate ¦ inner layer = synovial membrane (CT only) • secretes synovial fluid ```
88
List the types of synovial joints
i. plane/gliding ii hinge iii pivot iv. ball and socket
89
plane/gliding
¦ flat surfaces | ¦ e.g. sacroiliac
90
hinge
¦ concave/convex surfaces | ¦ e.g. elbow, knee
91
pivot
¦ projection in ring | ¦ e.g. dens (on axis) in atlas
92
ball & socket
¦ great freedom of movement ¦ e.g.1: humerus in glenoid fossa ¦ e.g.2: femur in acetabulum (hip)
93
Functional Classification is based on:
degree of movement
94
List the types of functional joints
a) Synarthrotic b) Amphiarthrotic c) Diarthrotic
95
Synarthrotic
— immovable | — e.g. skull sutures
96
Amphiarthrotic
— slightly moveable | — e.g. pubic symphysis
97
Diarthrotic
— freely moveable | — e.g. hip, shoulde

Anatomy (19 decks)

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