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Anatomy > Topic 12: Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Topic 12: Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

— heart, blood vessels, blood
— transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, heat
— protection: disease, fluid loss (clotting

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2
Q

mediastinum

A

cavity where heart is

= space between lungs within thoracic cavity)

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3
Q

Pericardium

A

double-walled sac surrounding heart

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4
Q

List the 3 layers of the pericardium

A

a) fibrous pericardium

b) serous pericardium – 2 parts
i. parietal pericardium
ii. visceral pericardium (= epicardium)

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5
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

— outermost layer = dense irregular CT
— anchors to surrounding structures e.g. diaphragm, great vessels
(aorta, vena cava, etc

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6
Q

parietal pericardium

A

composed of epithelial and connective tissue
fused to fibrous pericardium (fibrous pericardium and
parietal pericardium = pericardial sac)

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7
Q

visceral pericardium

A

composed of epithelial and Ct

fused to heart surface, so is part of heart wall

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8
Q

pericardial cavity

A

between pericardial layers

- serous fluid (lubricates)

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9
Q

List the parts of the heart wall

A

a) epicardium
b) myocardium
c) endocardium

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10
Q

epicardium

A

stratified squamous epithelium and CT

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11
Q

myocardium

A

— = cardiac muscle

— arranged in spiral/circular pattern, reinforced with CT

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12
Q

endocardium

A

— simple squamous epithelium and CT
— epithelium named endothelium – lines inner surface of heart
and ALL blood vessels

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13
Q

Right Atrium

A

— inferior and superior vena cava

— coronary sinus (posterior)

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14
Q

Left Atrium

A

joined to 4 pulmonary veins

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15
Q

Right Ventricle

A

pulmonary trunk – divides to form 2 pulmonary arteries

* CARRY DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

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16
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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17
Q

Left Ventricle

A

aorta

- thick b/c pumps blood to the body

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18
Q

Septa

A

separate chambers)

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19
Q

Interatrial septum

A

separates atria

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20
Q

Interventricular septum

A

separates ventricles

— deep to interventricular sulcus (external

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21
Q

Fibrous Skeleton

A

— CT fibers around the muscle fibers + CT rings between atria & ventricles at the
coronary sulcus
— allows openings to remain open at all times (valves open + close)
— provides electrical insulation – prevents simultaneous contraction of chambers

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22
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves:

A

i. bicuspid (mitral) valve

ii. tricuspid valve

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23
Q

bicuspid (mitral) valve

A

eft side – 2 cusps

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24
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right side – 3 cusps

LAB RAT (LEFT ATRIUM BICUSPID, RIGHT ATRIUM TRICUSPID)

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25
Chordae tendineae
connective tissue) attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles (projections of myocardium) o prevent eversion of cusps
26
Semilunar valves
``` 3 cusps each i. aortic — separates left ventricle + aorta ii. pulmonary — separates right ventricle + pulmonary trunK ```
27
Cardiac Muscle Cells
form BOTH contractile myocardium + conduction system
28
List similarities to skeletal muscle
a) striated (myofibrils with sarcomeres) | b) has sarcoplasmic reticulum & T-tubules
29
List differences to skeletal muscle
``` — differences: a) branched (myofibrils with sarcomeres) b) uninucleated c) intercalated discs = region where two fibers meet — contain anchoring and gap junctions ```
30
Do cardiac muscle cells contract
cardiac muscle cells modified to produce and conduct electrical impulses – DO NOT CONTRACT
31
List the parts of the conduction system:
a) sinoatrial (SA) node — in right atrium at base of superior vena cava — generates impulses the fastest – sets pace b) atrioventricular (AV) node — base of right atrium c) Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His) — superior part of interventricular septum — electrically connects atria to ventricles d) Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle Branches — go to each ventricle e) Purkinje fibers — terminal fibers in ventricles only — Note: electrical signal spreads from conduction system to contractile cardiac cells then they contract
32
Circulatory Routes
closed, double circulation o closed = blood confined to heart + blood vessels o double = 2 routes (pulmonary + systemic)
33
Adult Circulation
a) Pulmonary circulation b) Systemic Circulation c) Coronary Circulation (visible externally)
34
Pulmonary circulation
— right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries (deoxy blood) — pick up oxygen in lungs via capillaries — lungs to left atria via pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood
35
Systemic Circulation
— left ventricle to organs via aorta (oxygenated) 4 — organs remove oxygen via capillaries — organs to right atrium via superior + inferior vena cava (deoxygenated) — overall route: left ventricle to right atrium = systemic circulation o subdivisions/subroutes: § cerebral = brain § hepatic = liver § coronary = heart
36
Fetal Circulation
fetus gets O 2 , nutrients from + expels wastes to mother’s blood — exchange site in the placenta o blood supplies in close together, but do not mix
37
umbilical vein
(towards the fetal heart) | — carries oxygenated blood from placenta to vena cava
38
lungs + liver
basically non-functional — 3 shunts to bypass (although some blood flow to these organs for nourishment/growth):
39
ductus venosus
connects umbilical vein (oxy blood) to inferior vena cava (deoxy blood) to bypass liver - permits most of the oxygenated blood coming from the placenta to bypass the liver oxy and deoxy blood mixes ž mixed blood enters fetal heart via inferior vena cava
40
foramen ovale
ž hole in interatrial septum ž allows blood to move from the Right to Left atrium (bypass lungs
41
ductus arteriosus
ž connects pulmonary trunk + aorta (bypass lungs)
42
umbilical arteries
(away from fetal heart) | — returns mixed blood to placenta
43
tunica externa
CT
44
Tunica media
smooth muscle | — elastic fibers (CT)
45
Tunica intima/internal
— endothelium – simple squamous epitheium
46
Lumen
``` contains blood (not a layer!) - hollow portion ```
47
List the path of blood vessels from heart and back to the heart
``` heart elastic arteries muscular arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins heart ```
48
Arteries
carry blood AWAY from heart (does NOT refer to oxy or deoxy)
49
What are the 2 types of arteries?
1) elastic arteries | 2) muscular arteries
50
elastic arteries
— elastic CT in all 3 layers — largest arteries (near heart) — e.g. aorta
51
muscular arteries
— a LOT of smooth muscle — most arteries — e.g. coronary artery
52
Arterioles
— little arteries | — regulate blood flow + blood pressure
53
Capillaries
— ONLY tunica intima - endothelium (one cell layer) + basement membrane — allow exchange of gases + nutrients — gaps allow limited fluid + solutes to leak out = interstitial fluid (ISF) — capillaries unite to form venules
54
Venules
intima, thin media, thin externa
55
Veins
— large lumen — valves prevent backflow of blood — thin media – less smooth muscle o can collapse
56
Describe characteristics of blood
o higher viscosity than H 2 O o 37 o C o pH 7.35 - 7.45 o 4 - 6 L in an adult
57
Composition of blood
``` 1) plasma (matrix) — fluid portion with solutes 7 2) formed elements — cellular portion ```
58
plasma
— = blood minus formed elements — composed of: a) H 2 O – 90% b) proteins – 8% o albumin – control tissue water balance o fibrinogen – clot formation o globulin – antibodies ``` c) other solutes – 2% o nutrients o hormones o wastes o electrolytes o gases ```
59
Hematocrit
% of blood volume that is RBC (~45%)
60
RBC – Erythrocytes
``` — biconcave disc shape — anucleate when mature — life span – 120 days — destroyed in the liver & spleen — contain: o Hemoglobin (pigment protein) ```
61
Hemoglobin
i. heme = red pigment – contains iron (Fe) — attaches & transports O 2 ii. globin – protein — attaches & transports CO
62
Hemoglobin is broken down to heme and globin ¦ heme is further broken down to bilirubin ¦ Fe2+ - recycled or stored (toxic, so always bound to protein) ¦ globin to amino acids
63
WBC – Leukocyte
— nucleated — life span varies – days to years — defend against disease
64
List the types of leukocytes
Granulocytes i. basophils ii. neutrophiles iii. eosionphils agranulocytes - lymphoctyes; T and B - monocytes
65
neutrophils (
~60%) | — all phagocytic (engulf + digest invaders
66
eosinophils (~3%
attack parasites (e.g. worms)
67
basophils
Release: histamine (Ý inflammation) and | heparin (ß local clotting)
68
lymphocytes
``` mmunity — 2 types: Ø T Lymphocytes ¦ kill infected/diseased cells directly Ø B Lymphocytes ¦ become plasma cells g produce antibodies (= γ globulin ```
69
monocytes
nter tissue + enlarge to become | macrophages (phagocytic = “big eaters”)
70
Platelets
fragments of cells called megakaryocytes — involved in clotting — life span = ~ 10 days if not used for clotting
71
Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis
``` — = formation of blood cells — All blood cells arise indirectly from hemocytoblast (= stem cells) cells in red bone marrow o red marrow in adult: ¦ axial skeleton ¦ pelvic + pectoral girdles ¦ proximal ends of humerus + femur ```

Anatomy (19 decks)

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