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Anatomy > Topic 12: Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Topic 12: Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

— heart, blood vessels, blood
— transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, heat
— protection: disease, fluid loss (clotting

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2
Q

mediastinum

A

cavity where heart is

= space between lungs within thoracic cavity)

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3
Q

Pericardium

A

double-walled sac surrounding heart

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4
Q

List the 3 layers of the pericardium

A

a) fibrous pericardium

b) serous pericardium – 2 parts
i. parietal pericardium
ii. visceral pericardium (= epicardium)

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5
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

— outermost layer = dense irregular CT
— anchors to surrounding structures e.g. diaphragm, great vessels
(aorta, vena cava, etc

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6
Q

parietal pericardium

A

composed of epithelial and connective tissue
fused to fibrous pericardium (fibrous pericardium and
parietal pericardium = pericardial sac)

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7
Q

visceral pericardium

A

composed of epithelial and Ct

fused to heart surface, so is part of heart wall

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8
Q

pericardial cavity

A

between pericardial layers

- serous fluid (lubricates)

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9
Q

List the parts of the heart wall

A

a) epicardium
b) myocardium
c) endocardium

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10
Q

epicardium

A

stratified squamous epithelium and CT

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11
Q

myocardium

A

— = cardiac muscle

— arranged in spiral/circular pattern, reinforced with CT

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12
Q

endocardium

A

— simple squamous epithelium and CT
— epithelium named endothelium – lines inner surface of heart
and ALL blood vessels

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13
Q

Right Atrium

A

— inferior and superior vena cava

— coronary sinus (posterior)

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14
Q

Left Atrium

A

joined to 4 pulmonary veins

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15
Q

Right Ventricle

A

pulmonary trunk – divides to form 2 pulmonary arteries

* CARRY DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

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16
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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17
Q

Left Ventricle

A

aorta

- thick b/c pumps blood to the body

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18
Q

Septa

A

separate chambers)

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19
Q

Interatrial septum

A

separates atria

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20
Q

Interventricular septum

A

separates ventricles

— deep to interventricular sulcus (external

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21
Q

Fibrous Skeleton

A

— CT fibers around the muscle fibers + CT rings between atria & ventricles at the
coronary sulcus
— allows openings to remain open at all times (valves open + close)
— provides electrical insulation – prevents simultaneous contraction of chambers

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22
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves:

A

i. bicuspid (mitral) valve

ii. tricuspid valve

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23
Q

bicuspid (mitral) valve

A

eft side – 2 cusps

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24
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right side – 3 cusps

LAB RAT (LEFT ATRIUM BICUSPID, RIGHT ATRIUM TRICUSPID)

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25
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

connective tissue) attach AV valve cusps to papillary
muscles (projections of myocardium)
o prevent eversion of cusps

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26
Q

Semilunar valves

A 
3 cusps each 
i. aortic
— separates left ventricle + aorta
ii. pulmonary
— separates right ventricle + pulmonary trunK
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27
Q

Cardiac Muscle Cells

A

form BOTH contractile myocardium + conduction system

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28
Q

List similarities to skeletal muscle

A

a) striated (myofibrils with sarcomeres)

b) has sarcoplasmic reticulum & T-tubules

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29
Q

List differences to skeletal muscle

A 
— differences:
a) branched (myofibrils with sarcomeres)
b) uninucleated
c) intercalated discs = region where two fibers meet
— contain anchoring and gap junctions
30
Q

Do cardiac muscle cells contract

A

cardiac muscle cells modified to produce and conduct electrical impulses – DO
NOT CONTRACT

31
Q

List the parts of the conduction system:

A

a) sinoatrial (SA) node
— in right atrium at base of superior vena cava
— generates impulses the fastest – sets pace

b) atrioventricular (AV) node
— base of right atrium

c) Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
— superior part of interventricular septum
— electrically connects atria to ventricles

d) Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle Branches
— go to each ventricle

e) Purkinje fibers
— terminal fibers in ventricles only
— Note: electrical signal spreads from conduction system to contractile cardiac cells
then they contract

32
Q

Circulatory Routes

A

closed, double circulation
o closed = blood confined to heart + blood vessels
o double = 2 routes (pulmonary + systemic)

33
Q

Adult Circulation

A

a) Pulmonary circulation
b) Systemic Circulation
c) Coronary Circulation (visible externally)

34
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

— right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries (deoxy blood)
— pick up oxygen in lungs via capillaries
— lungs to left atria via pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood

35
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

— left ventricle to organs via aorta (oxygenated)
4
— organs remove oxygen via capillaries
— organs to right atrium via superior + inferior vena cava (deoxygenated)
— overall route: left ventricle to right atrium = systemic circulation
o subdivisions/subroutes:
§ cerebral = brain
§ hepatic = liver
§ coronary = heart

36
Q

Fetal Circulation

A

fetus gets O 2 , nutrients from + expels wastes to mother’s blood
— exchange site in the placenta
o blood supplies in close together, but do not mix

37
Q

umbilical vein

A

(towards the fetal heart)

— carries oxygenated blood from placenta to vena cava

38
Q

lungs + liver

A

basically non-functional
— 3 shunts to bypass (although some blood flow to these organs for
nourishment/growth):

39
Q

ductus venosus

A

connects umbilical vein (oxy blood) to inferior vena
cava (deoxy blood) to bypass liver - permits most of
the oxygenated blood coming from the placenta to
bypass the liver
oxy and deoxy blood mixes
ž mixed blood enters fetal heart via inferior vena cava

40
Q

foramen ovale

A

ž hole in interatrial septum
ž allows blood to move from the Right to Left atrium
(bypass lungs

41
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

ž connects pulmonary trunk + aorta (bypass lungs)

42
Q

umbilical arteries

A

(away from fetal heart)

— returns mixed blood to placenta

43
Q

tunica externa

44
Q

Tunica media

A

smooth muscle

— elastic fibers (CT)

45
Q

Tunica intima/internal

A

— endothelium – simple squamous epitheium

46
Q

Lumen

A 
contains blood (not a layer!)
- hollow portion
47
Q

List the path of blood vessels from heart and back to the heart

A 
heart 
elastic arteries 
muscular arteries
arterioles 
capillaries 
venules 
veins
 heart
48
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood AWAY from heart (does NOT refer to oxy or deoxy)

49
Q

What are the 2 types of arteries?

A

1) elastic arteries

2) muscular arteries

50
Q

elastic arteries

A

— elastic CT in all 3 layers
— largest arteries (near heart)
— e.g. aorta

51
Q

muscular arteries

A

— a LOT of smooth muscle
— most arteries
— e.g. coronary artery

52
Q

Arterioles

A

— little arteries

— regulate blood flow + blood pressure

53
Q

Capillaries

A

— ONLY tunica intima - endothelium (one cell layer) +
basement membrane
— allow exchange of gases + nutrients
— gaps allow limited fluid + solutes to leak out = interstitial
fluid (ISF)
— capillaries unite to form venules

54
Q

Venules

A

intima, thin media, thin externa

55
Q

Veins

A

— large lumen
— valves prevent backflow of blood
— thin media – less smooth muscle
o can collapse

56
Q

Describe characteristics of blood

A

o higher viscosity than H 2 O
o 37 o C
o pH 7.35 - 7.45
o 4 - 6 L in an adult

57
Q

Composition of blood

A 
1) plasma (matrix)
— fluid portion with solutes
7
2) formed elements
— cellular portion
58
Q

plasma

A

— = blood minus formed elements

— composed of:
a) H 2 O – 90%

b) proteins – 8%
o albumin – control tissue water balance
o fibrinogen – clot formation
o globulin – antibodies

c) other solutes – 2%
o nutrients
o hormones
o wastes
o electrolytes
o gases
59
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of blood volume that is RBC (~45%)

60
Q

RBC – Erythrocytes

A 
— biconcave disc shape
— anucleate when mature
— life span – 120 days
— destroyed in the liver & spleen
— contain:
o Hemoglobin (pigment protein)
61
Q

Hemoglobin

A

i. heme = red pigment – contains iron (Fe)
— attaches & transports O 2
ii. globin – protein
— attaches & transports CO

62
Q
A

Hemoglobin is broken down to heme and globin
¦ heme is further broken down to bilirubin
¦ Fe2+ - recycled or stored (toxic, so always bound
to protein)
¦ globin to amino acids

63
Q

WBC – Leukocyte

A

— nucleated
— life span varies – days to years
— defend against disease

64
Q

List the types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes

i. basophils
ii. neutrophiles
iii. eosionphils

agranulocytes

  • lymphoctyes; T and B
  • monocytes
65
Q

neutrophils (

A

~60%)

— all phagocytic (engulf + digest invaders

66
Q

eosinophils (~3%

A

attack parasites (e.g. worms)

67
Q

basophils

A

Release: histamine (Ý inflammation) and

heparin (ß local clotting)

68
Q

lymphocytes

A 
mmunity
— 2 types:
Ø T Lymphocytes
¦ kill infected/diseased cells
directly
Ø B Lymphocytes
¦ become plasma cells g produce
antibodies (= γ globulin
69
Q

monocytes

A

nter tissue + enlarge to become

macrophages (phagocytic = “big eaters”)

70
Q

Platelets

A

fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
— involved in clotting
— life span = ~ 10 days if not used for clotting

71
Q

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis

A 
— = formation of blood cells
— All blood cells arise indirectly from hemocytoblast (= stem cells) cells in red bone marrow
o red marrow in adult:
¦ axial skeleton
¦ pelvic + pectoral girdles
¦ proximal ends of humerus + femur

Anatomy (19 decks)

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