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Anatomy > Topic 3: Cellular level of Organization, part 2 > Flashcards

Topic 3: Cellular level of Organization, part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Basic structural and functional unit of the body

— can perform all basic life functions

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2
Q

Who is Robert Hooke?

A

1st discovered cells

-> cork cells (dead cells)

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of?

A

a) Phospholipid bilayer
b) Cholesterol
c) Membrane proteins
d) Membrane carbohydrates

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4
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

i. phosphate head group (hydrophilic)
ii. FA tails (hydrophobic)
iii. divides ICF + ECF
* barrier, selective to what can enter or exit

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5
Q

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

A

inside cell

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6
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF

A

outside the cell

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7
Q

Cholesterol

A

i. scattered throughout membrane
ii. adds stability to the cell membrane

at high temp= membrane will be moving lots breaking bonds melting so you want it to be less fluid

at low temps it will be moving less, so you want it to be more fluid

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral

peripheral

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9
Q

Integral proteins

A

integrated within the membrane, therefore have a
hydrophobic region

¦ some extend across entire membrane, and are called
transmembrane proteins

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10
Q

peripheral proteins

A

¦ attached to either surface of integral proteins

i.e. on the periphery of the cell membrane

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11
Q

Membrane Proteins - Functions:

A 
enzymes
• transporters
• channels
• receptors- hormones 
• anchors
• identity	markers	(for	immune	system)
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12
Q

Membrane carbohydrates

A

only on outer surface; not in contact with ICF only ECF

• bound to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids)

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13
Q

List the functions of membrane carbs:

A

i. cell recognition e.g. sperm recognize egg cell

ii. anchor cells together

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14
Q

Microvilli

A
  • small projections of cell membrane
  • function is to increase surface area
  • best seen on cells of the small intestine and kidney
  • Not all cells have these
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15
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

fluid - membrane constituents can move around (phospholipids and some proteins)

mosaic – proteins dot surface like tiles in a mosaic

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16
Q

Cytoplasm

A

AREA between the inside of the cell membrane and the outside of the nucleus.

LIKE CANADA IS AN AREA

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17
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the cytoplasm?

A

a) Cytosol

b) organelles

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18
Q

Cytosol =

A

gel-like intracellular fluid contains water, ions (e.g. K+, Na+ ) and a suspension of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

may contain inclusions e.g. melanin (pigment), glycogen (stored glucose)

19
Q

Organelles

A

structures that perform a specific function and are essential for life

i. non-membranous
in direct contact with cytosol

ii. membranous
surrounded by membrane that isolates them from the cytosol

20
Q

List the non -membranous organelles

A

a) Ribosomes
b) Centrosomes
c) Cytoskeleton

21
Q

Ribosomes

A

sites for protein synthesis

contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) + proteins
may be:

→ free in cytosol - make proteins destined for cytosol, mitochondria, nucleus

→ attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - make proteins destined for all other sites

22
Q

Centrosomes

A

Consist of 2 components: a pair of centrioles and the pericentriolar matrix

Organizing centres for microtubules
• spindle apparatus (for cell division)
• organizes cytoskeleton

23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

ALL types support cell shape and are formed from PROTEINS

important in cell movement, cell division, movement/anchoring of
organelles + proteins (e.g. receptors, enzymes)

24
Q

What are the 3 types of cytoskeleton?

A

a) microfilaments
b) microtubules
c) intermediate filaments

25
Q

microfilaments

A

made of actin

 Functions:	
• muscle	contraction	(with	myosin)	
• cell locomotion
• maintenance of cell shape	and	projections	(e.g.	
microvilli)
• cytokinesis
26
Q

intermediate filaments

A

composition is tissue specific e.g. keratin

Function:
• support the cytoplasm (scaffolding for the cell)

27
Q

microtubules

A

hollow tubes made of tubulin

Function:	
• form:	
1. centrioles	
2. spindle apparatus	
3. cilia (short)
4. flagella (long)	
• structural
• move	or	secure	organelles	in	place
28
Q

cilia

A

mulitple
hair like projections (in resp, tract push mucous out)
short

29
Q

flagella

A

long
1 or 2
sperm only have this within human body

30
Q

List the Membranous organelles

A

a) Mitochondria
b) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
c) Golgi Apparatus/Complex
d) Lysosomes
e) Nucleus

31
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of ATP synthesis

contains own DNA, RNA, + proteins

have a double membrane (outer and inner, 4 phospholipids, 2 bilayers)

32
Q

Who do you inherit your mitochondrial DNA from?

A

Mother

33
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

membranous network throughout cytoplasm

2 types:

34
Q

Rough ER (RER)

A
  • ribosomes attached - synthesis of secretory, lysosomal and membrane proteins
35
Q

• Smooth ER (SER)

A
  • lacks attached ribosomes
  • continuous with RER
  • synthesizes lipids + steroid hormones
36
Q

Golgi Apparatus/Complex

A

stacks of membrane discs

modifies proteins (e.g. trims or adds carbs and lipids), sorts, packages, and delivers them to cell membrane, lysosomes, or for secretion

(cellular post office)

  • like post office
37
Q

Lysosomes

A

filled with digestive enzymes

digest bacteria, viruses, worn-out organelles
(clean up function)

  • part of immune function
38
Q

Nucleus

A

largest membranous organelle

cell control centre
* dictating kinds and amount of proteins

cells may have 1 or more nuclei (mulit nucleated, RBC; anucleated, no nucleus)

39
Q

List the parts of the nucleus

A

a) nuclear envelope
b) nucleolus (>1 in some plants)
c) chromosomes/chromatids

40
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane with nuclear pores (2 bilayers), selective don’t want to damage the DNA

connected to ER

41
Q

nucleolus

A

non-membranous; easily seen in microscope

dense (less light gets through) region of DNA, RNA, + proteins

where ribosomes are made and assembled

42
Q

chromosomes/chromatids

A

contain DNA + histone proteins

can be:
• dispersed = Chromatin
- DNA uncoiled + not individually visible
- in this form MOST of the time (when cell is not dividing, so that we can read it and make DNA-> MRNA

• condensed + individually visible
- found in dividing cells (during mitosis/meiosis)

43
Q

Can peripheral proteins be on either surface, in contact with ECF and ICF?

A

Yes

44
Q

Keratin is found in which part of the cytoskeleton?

A

IF

Anatomy (19 decks)

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