Topic 11: Muscular System Flashcards
Muscular System
refers to skeletal muscle system
primarily attached to bone
produce movement by contracting – byproduct = heat
Skeletal Muscle
cells called fibers
fascicle
group fibers
whole muscle
= group of fascicles
List the CT component of skeletal muscle
1) Fascia
2) Tendons + Aponeuroses
Fascia
= CT
Epimysium
– surrounds entire muscle
Perimysium
– surrounds fascicles
Endomysium
– surrounds each muscle fiber
Tendons + Aponeuroses
extensions of epi-, peri-, + endomysium
anchors to bone (periosteum), cartilage, skin, or fascia
tendon
= rope-like
o e.g. Achilles tendon
connect muscle to bone
aponeurosis
e. g. galea aponeurotica = epicranial aponeurosi
- sheet like
Describe the structure of Skeletal Muscle Fiber
large multinucleate cells parts: 1) Sarcolemma = cell membrane 2) Sarcoplasm = cytoplasm 3) Myofibrils (intracellular 4) T-tubules structures) 5) Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Myofibrils
within each fibre there are several hundreds to thousands
composed of sarcomeres:
Describe the structure of sarcomeres
(composed of proteins):
o made of 2 types of myofilaments:
a) thin filaments:
thick filaments
thin filaments
composed of:
i. actin – functions in contraction
2
ii. tropomyosin + iii. troponin – regulate
contraction (regulatory proteins)
thick filaments
composed of:
i. myosin – functions in contraction
attached to Z discs by titin
has rod-like tail with 2 globular heads
o head extends toward actin and attaches to it
– forming a crossbridge
A band
dark = length of thick filament – myosin + actin
with troponin + tropomysosin
H zone
lighter band at center of A band – myosin only
I band
light = actin (with troponin + tropomyosin) + titin
Z discs
(in center of I band)
actin + titin attach
connect sarcomeres: between 2 z-discs = 1 sarcomere
M line
where myosin tails (thick myofilaments) attach to each other (center of sarcomere
T-tubules
continuations of sarcolemma that extend deep into fiber (cell)
directly encircle myofilaments of myofibrils at junction of A & I bands
(2/sarcomere)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
= smooth ER
triad = 2 enlarged areas of SR (terminal cisternae) & T-tubule
How do muscles produce movement?
1) Pulling on bones when they contract
2) Using group action
3) Lever systems
origin
attachment of tendon to stationary bone
insertion
attachment of tendon to movable bone
agonist
major muscle producing the movement
synergists
help the agonist action and prevent undesirable motions caused by the
agonist
antagonist
produces opposite action of agonist (contraction inhibited when agonist
contracts)
Lever systems
bone/muscle interaction at a joint
parts:
a) levers = bone
b) fulcrum = joint
effort
contraction of agonist
resistance
opposes movement
effort must be greater than resistance to get movement
flexion of forearm
o agonist = biceps brachii
o antagonist = triceps brachii
o synergists = brachialis, brachioradialis
o lever = radius (insertion of agonist)
o fulcrum = elbow joint
o effort = muscle contraction
o resistance = weight of object plus forearm
extension of forearm
o agonist = triceps brachii
o antagonist = biceps brachii
Flexors
decrease angle between 2 bones
e.g. biceps brachii
Extensors
increase angle (back to anatomical position after flexion)
e.g. triceps brachii
Abductors
move limb away from midline
Adductors
move limb toward midline
Naming of skeletal muscles
- action
- shape
- size
- origin insertion
- number of origins
- shape of fibres
- location