- sharing electrons between atoms e. g. O2

dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions ↑[H+] =↓pH (high hydrogen ion concentrations indicate a low or acidic pH) e.g. hydrochloric acid (HCl) in H2O-----> H+ +Cl ex- citric and acetic acid= organic HCl and sulfuric acid= inorganic

Topic 2: Chemical Level of Organization part 1 Flashcards by gurleene bhathal

Describe the structure of an atom

Nucleus contains;

protons; (p+), positive charge; = atomic number

neutrons; neutral charge (n0)

Orbiting the nucleus:
electrons (e-): negative charge

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Atoms are….

electrically neutral – the number of electrons and protons is equal

Neutrons may not be equal to these (isotopes).

ex; H, C, N, O

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Ions

if an atom loses or gains an electron, it is no longer neutral and becomes an ion

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anion

atom gains an electron and becomes a negative ion

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cation

atom loses electrons and becomes a positive ion

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List some imp. ions (electrolytes):

Calcium:	Ca2+
 Sodium:	Na+
 Potassium: K+
 Hydrogen: H+
 Chloride: Cl

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Chemical Bonds

Bond (hold) atoms together to form molecules

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Ionic bonds

(ions formed) - atom to atom transfer of electrons

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What type of bond is NaCl in? What happens to it in water?

ex of an ionic bond

Na loses one electron = Na+

Cl gains one electron = Cl-

the positive (Na+) and negative (Cl-) ions attract forming the bond

in H2O NaCl dissociates (dissolves/separates/ionizes) into ions: Na+, Cl-

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Covalent bonds

sharing electrons between atoms

e. g. O2

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These-_________allow the formation of _______ which may be-___________

These chemical bonds allow the formation of chemical compounds which may be
organic or inorganic:

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Organic substances

covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms

e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

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inorganic substances

– usually lack C atoms

e.g. water (H2O), NaCl, O2

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List the exception of inorganic compounds which contain carbon atoms:

H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)

HCO3 - (Bicarbonate)

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

CO (Carbon Monoxide)

ALL CONTAIN 1 CARBON SO CAN’T MAKE COVALENT BONDS

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Water

(inorganic)

Most abundant substance in cells

2 hydrogen (H) atoms and 1 Oxygen (O)

polar molecule; oxygen has a greater affinity for electrons so they spend more time there

Many reactions in the body take place in H2O because it is a universal solvent

Transports chemicals e.g. O2, nutrients

Maintains body temperature (~37°C)

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polar molecules

unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference

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Acids and Bases

can be organic OR inorganic

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Acids

dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions

↑[H+] =↓pH (high hydrogen ion concentrations indicate a low or acidic pH)
e.g. hydrochloric acid (HCl) in H2O—–> H+ +Cl

ex- citric and acetic acid= organic HCl and sulfuric acid= inorganic

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atom

basic building block of matter

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Bases

substances that bind free H+ ions in H2O

• ↓ [H+ ] =↑pH (low hydrogen ion concentrations indicate a high pH)

• e.g. 1: NaOH in H2O—-> Na+ + OH- (hydroxyl ion)
then OH- (base, removes free H+ decreasing concentration) + H+ —> H2O (neutralization)

e.g. 2: HCO3 (bicarbonate) + H+ —-> H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

• OH- and HCO3
- act as bases by binding to the free H+ ions

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pH Scale

a measure of the [H+ ] of free H+ in solution

Basic—-> Acidic ↑[H+]

0-7; acidic
7; neutral
7-14; basic

e.g. pH of blood = 7.35- 7.45

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Carbohydrates

consist of C,H, and O

formula: (CH20)n [n =#]

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What are the functions of Carbs?

a) Source of energy for cells
e. g. C6H12O6 (glucose)

b) Cellular structures
e. g. DNA + RNA

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monosaccharides

(simple sugars)

e.g. glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

basic building blocks of other carbohydrates; monomers

disaccharides

2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together e.g. glucose +fructose---> sucrose

polysaccharides

- many monosaccharides (basic building blocks) bonded together e. g. glycogen (animals), starch (plants)

glycogen

glucose storage form in animals in liver and muscles * MOST IS STORED AS LIPIDS

Lipids

C, H, O (ratio different from carbs) e.g. fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids (FA) Insoluble (nonpolar, hydrophobic) in water - soluble in nonpolar solvents

List the functions of lipids

a) protect organs (padding) b) build cell membranes c) source of stored energy

List the different types of lipids:

a) Glycerides b) Phospholipids d) Cholesterol e) Steroids

Glycerides

most common lipid in body and diet composed of 2 building blocks: i. glycerol (backbone) ii. fatty acids (FAs)

monoglyceride

glycerol + 1 FA

diglyceride

glycerol + 2 FAs

triglyceride

glycerol + 3 FAs

Phospholipids

3 building blocks: i. Phosphate “Head” Group (polar) • hydrophillic (water soluble) ii. Glycerol backbone and iii. 2 FAs “tails” (non-polar) • hydrophobic (water insoluble) ie: diglyceride with a phosphate head group

Cholesterol

found in cell membranes and used to synthesize steroids * imp for structural stability

Steroids

derived from cholesterol e.g. bile salts, vitamin D, hormones (testosterone, estrogen, etc)

Proteins

consists of C, H, O, N, (also sometimes S) e. g. collagen, albumin (most abundant protein in plasma * workhorse of the cell one or more polypeptides folded into its final shape

List the functions of Proteins:

a) structural materials e. g. collagen b) enzymes, hormones, transporters c) antibodies d) source of energy (especially when carbs & lipids in low supply) * b/c proteins aren't stored so if we are breaking them down then we start breaking down structural proteins

Amino acids

→ basic building blocks of all proteins → use the name of the aa itself e.g. glycine

dipeptides

two amino acids

polypeptides

many amino acids

Nucleic Acids

consists of C, H, O, N, P 2 forms: a) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) b) RNA (ribonucleic acid) building blocks called nucleotides

What does each nucleotide contains?

a) PO4 - (phosphate) b) monosaccharide (simple sugar) ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA ``` c) organic base: Adenine (A) Thymine (T) – DNA only Uracil (U) – RNA only Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) ```

DNA

PO4 - deoxyribose - A, T, C, or G Bases bind to form double-stranded helix (twisted ladder) → A to T; 2 H bonds → G to C; 3 H bonds alternating sugar and phosphate form “uprights” bases “rungs *stored within the nucleus

List the functions of DNA

→ cellular reproduction | → used as a template to make RNA

RNA

PO4 - ribose - A, U, C, or G single stranded → A to U → G to C leaves nucleus

What is the function of RNA?

→ protein synthesis

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Energy stored in covalent bonds - powers cellular activities *ORGANIC MOLECULE Structure = 3 PO4 + ribose + adenine (modified RNA nucleotide) in fig. 2.26 “~” = high energy bond breaking bond creates immediately useable energy ATP -----> ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + Pi (inorganic phosphate)

What level or organization are atoms and molecules at?

chemical level

Is the body only made of organic substances?

No also inorganic for ex water

Is water composed of 2 O and 1H atom?

No H2 O1

As H+ concentration increases a) pH increases b) pH decreases

b) pH decreases

Are FA acids or lipids or both?

both | *ANYTHING WITH LIPID IN NAME IS ACID

Do Carbs and lipids contain N?

Do we have carbs in nucleic acids?

Yes; monosaccharides

An organic molecule could be a) a molecule which has ionic bonds between carbon atoms b) ATP c) a molecule such as NaCl which ionizes in water d) one that ionizes in water to release H+ e) b and d

Which is incorrect? a) amino acids are the building blocks of proteins b) a DNA molecule contains simple sugar a part of its structure c) a triglyceride is composed of glycerol and 3 FA d) disaccharides and lipids are present in the structure of collagen e) glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide