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Anatomy > Topic 2: Chemical Level of Organization part 1 > Flashcards

Topic 2: Chemical Level of Organization part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of an atom

A

Nucleus contains;

protons; (p+), positive charge; = atomic number

neutrons; neutral charge (n0)

Orbiting the nucleus:
electrons (e-): negative charge

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2
Q

Atoms are….

A

electrically neutral – the number of electrons and protons is equal

Neutrons may not be equal to these (isotopes).

ex; H, C, N, O

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3
Q

Ions

A

if an atom loses or gains an electron, it is no longer neutral and becomes an ion

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4
Q

anion

A

atom gains an electron and becomes a negative ion

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5
Q

cation

A

atom loses electrons and becomes a positive ion

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6
Q

List some imp. ions (electrolytes):

A 
Calcium:	Ca2+
 Sodium:	Na+
 Potassium: K+
 Hydrogen: H+
 Chloride: Cl
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7
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

Bond (hold) atoms together to form molecules

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8
Q

Ionic bonds

A

(ions formed) - atom to atom transfer of electrons

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9
Q

What type of bond is NaCl in? What happens to it in water?

A

ex of an ionic bond

Na loses one electron = Na+

Cl gains one electron = Cl-

the positive (Na+) and negative (Cl-) ions attract forming the bond

in H2O NaCl dissociates (dissolves/separates/ionizes) into ions: Na+, Cl-

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10
Q

Covalent bonds

A
  • sharing electrons between atoms

e. g. O2

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11
Q

These-_________allow the formation of _______ which may be-___________

A

These chemical bonds allow the formation of chemical compounds which may be
organic or inorganic:

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12
Q

Organic substances

A

covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms

e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

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13
Q

inorganic substances

A

– usually lack C atoms

e.g. water (H2O), NaCl, O2

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14
Q

List the exception of inorganic compounds which contain carbon atoms:

A

H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)

HCO3 - (Bicarbonate)

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

CO (Carbon Monoxide)

ALL CONTAIN 1 CARBON SO CAN’T MAKE COVALENT BONDS

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15
Q

Water

A

(inorganic)

Most abundant substance in cells

2 hydrogen (H) atoms and 1 Oxygen (O)

polar molecule; oxygen has a greater affinity for electrons so they spend more time there

Many reactions in the body take place in H2O because it is a universal solvent

Transports chemicals e.g. O2, nutrients

Maintains body temperature (~37°C)

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16
Q

polar molecules

A

unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference

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17
Q

Acids and Bases

A

can be organic OR inorganic

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18
Q

Acids

A

dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions

  • ↑[H+] =↓pH (high hydrogen ion concentrations indicate a low or acidic pH)
  • e.g. hydrochloric acid (HCl) in H2O—–> H+ +Cl

ex- citric and acetic acid= organic HCl and sulfuric acid= inorganic

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19
Q

atom

A

basic building block of matter

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20
Q

Bases

A

substances that bind free H+ ions in H2O

• ↓ [H+ ] =↑pH (low hydrogen ion concentrations indicate a high pH)

• e.g. 1: NaOH in H2O—-> Na+ + OH- (hydroxyl ion)
then OH- (base, removes free H+ decreasing concentration) + H+ —> H2O (neutralization)

e.g. 2: HCO3 (bicarbonate) + H+ —-> H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

• OH- and HCO3
- act as bases by binding to the free H+ ions

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21
Q

pH Scale

A

a measure of the [H+ ] of free H+ in solution

Basic—-> Acidic ↑[H+]

0-7; acidic
7; neutral
7-14; basic

e.g. pH of blood = 7.35- 7.45

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22
Q

Carbohydrates

A

consist of C,H, and O

formula: (CH20)n [n =#]

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23
Q

What are the functions of Carbs?

A

a) Source of energy for cells
e. g. C6H12O6 (glucose)

b) Cellular structures
e. g. DNA + RNA

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24
Q

monosaccharides

A

(simple sugars)

e.g. glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

basic building blocks of other carbohydrates; monomers

25
Q

disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together

e.g. glucose +fructose—> sucrose

26
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • many monosaccharides (basic building blocks) bonded together
    e. g. glycogen (animals), starch (plants)
27
Q

glycogen

A

glucose storage form in animals in liver and muscles

  • MOST IS STORED AS LIPIDS
28
Q

Lipids

A

C, H, O (ratio different from carbs)

e.g. fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids (FA)

Insoluble (nonpolar, hydrophobic) in water
- soluble in nonpolar solvents

29
Q

List the functions of lipids

A

a) protect organs (padding)
b) build cell membranes
c) source of stored energy

30
Q

List the different types of lipids:

A

a) Glycerides
b) Phospholipids
d) Cholesterol
e) Steroids

31
Q

Glycerides

A

most common lipid in body and diet

composed of 2 building blocks:

i. glycerol (backbone)
ii. fatty acids (FAs)

32
Q

monoglyceride

A

glycerol + 1 FA

33
Q

diglyceride

A

glycerol + 2 FAs

34
Q

triglyceride

A

glycerol + 3 FAs

35
Q

Phospholipids

A

3 building blocks:

i. Phosphate “Head” Group (polar)
• hydrophillic (water soluble)

ii. Glycerol backbone and

iii. 2 FAs “tails” (non-polar)
• hydrophobic (water insoluble)

ie: diglyceride with a phosphate head group

36
Q

Cholesterol

A

found in cell membranes and used to synthesize steroids

  • imp for structural stability
37
Q

Steroids

A

derived from cholesterol

e.g. bile salts, vitamin D, hormones (testosterone, estrogen, etc)

38
Q

Proteins

A

consists of C, H, O, N, (also sometimes S)

e. g. collagen, albumin (most abundant protein in plasma
* workhorse of the cell

one or more polypeptides folded into its final shape

39
Q

List the functions of Proteins:

A

a) structural materials
e. g. collagen

b) enzymes, hormones, transporters
c) antibodies

d) source of energy (especially when carbs & lipids in low supply)
* b/c proteins aren’t stored so if we are breaking them down then we start breaking down structural proteins

40
Q

Amino acids

A

→ basic building blocks of all proteins

→ use the name of the aa itself e.g. glycine

41
Q

dipeptides

A

two amino acids

42
Q

polypeptides

A

many amino acids

43
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

consists of C, H, O, N, P

2 forms:

a) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
b) RNA (ribonucleic acid)

building blocks called nucleotides

44
Q

What does each nucleotide contains?

A

a) PO4 - (phosphate)

b) monosaccharide (simple sugar)
ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA

c) organic	base:
 Adenine	(A)
 Thymine	(T)	– DNA	only
 Uracil	(U)	– RNA	only
 Cytosine	(C)
 Guanine	(G)
45
Q

DNA

A

PO4 - deoxyribose - A, T, C, or G

Bases bind to form double-stranded helix (twisted ladder)
→ A to T; 2 H bonds
→ G to C; 3 H bonds

alternating sugar and phosphate form “uprights”
bases “rungs

*stored within the nucleus

46
Q

List the functions of DNA

A

→ cellular reproduction

→ used as a template to make RNA

47
Q

RNA

A

PO4 - ribose - A, U, C, or G

single stranded

→ A to U
→ G to C

leaves nucleus

48
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

→ protein synthesis

49
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Energy stored in covalent bonds - powers cellular activities

*ORGANIC MOLECULE

Structure = 3 PO4 + ribose + adenine (modified RNA nucleotide)

in fig. 2.26 “~” = high energy bond

breaking bond creates immediately useable energy

ATP —–> ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + Pi (inorganic phosphate)

50
Q

What level or organization are atoms and molecules at?

A

chemical level

51
Q

Is the body only made of organic substances?

A

No also inorganic for ex water

52
Q

Is water composed of 2 O and 1H atom?

A

No

H2
O1

53
Q

As H+ concentration increases

a) pH increases
b) pH decreases

A

b) pH decreases

54
Q

Are FA acids or lipids or both?

A

both

*ANYTHING WITH LIPID IN NAME IS ACID

55
Q

Do Carbs and lipids contain N?

A

No

56
Q

Do we have carbs in nucleic acids?

A

Yes; monosaccharides

57
Q

An organic molecule could be

a) a molecule which has ionic bonds between carbon atoms
b) ATP
c) a molecule such as NaCl which ionizes in water
d) one that ionizes in water to release H+
e) b and d

A

e

58
Q

Which is incorrect?

a) amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
b) a DNA molecule contains simple sugar a part of its structure
c) a triglyceride is composed of glycerol and 3 FA
d) disaccharides and lipids are present in the structure of collagen
e) glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide

A

d

Anatomy (19 decks)

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