Topic 39 - Physical and additional examination of the genital tract in female and male animals. Flashcards
Reproductive organs of male:
- Scrotum
2.Testicles
3.Epididymides - Penis
5.Prepuce - Prostategland
Reproductive organs of female:
1.Vulva
2. Vagina
3. Uterus
4.Ovaries
5. Nipples
Indications to do a reproductive organs examination:
Directs signs: Vaginal discharge, silent heat
Indirect signs: Alopecia, Defecation complaint, systemic illness/fever
Examination steps of male reproductive tract:
- Nationale
- History
- Physical examination
- Additional examination
Part of nationale:
AGE
Young = developmental defects
Old = prostate, neoplasms
Part of history:
– Reproductive state: intact/castrated
– Libido, fertility, internal medicine complaints
Examination method and parameters of scrotum
Inspection, Palpation
- Skin: Surface, painful, temperature, thickness
- Content
Abnormalities of scrotum:
scrotal dermatitis
scrotal hernia
Examination method and parameters of testes and epididymus:
Inspection, Palpation
Localization, size, shape, structure, surface, painfulness, symmetry, movability, consistency
Abnormalities of testes and epididymis:
- cryptorchidism
- orchitis = testis inflammation
- epididymitis = epididymis inflammation
- testicular neoplasm
Examination method and parameters of penis:
Inspection, Palpation
Shape, size, painfulness, consistency, intactness, colour of mucosa
Abnormalities of penis:
Intactness of urethra
Examination method and parameters of prepuce:
Inspection, Palpation
Integrity, colour of skin, mucosa, orifice, discharge
Abnormalities with prepuce:
- phimosis
- paraphimosis
- Infection with discharge
Examination method and parameters of prostate gland:
Palpation - Rectal digital palpation
Localization, size, shape, structure, surface, painfulness,
symmetry, movability, consistency
Abnormalities with prostate gland:
- hypertrophy
- tumor
- abscess, cyst
Additional exams done for testes:
- Routine laboratory tests
- US
- Surgical castration& histopathology
Additional exams done for prostate:
- Routine laboratory tests
- US
- X-ray (also penis)
- Cytology, biopsy& histopathology
- Laparotomy, laparoscopy
- If abscess: bacterial culture
Examination steps of female reproductive tract:
- Nationale
- History
- Physical examination
- Additional examinations
Information important in nationale and history
Age
Breed
Reproductive state
Breed predispositions in female reproductive tract:
English bulldog: Dystocia
Reproductive state information important to know about females:
If neutered, intact and oestrus cycle
Examination method and parameters in case of vulva and perivulvar areas:
Inspection, Palpation
- Skin: Shape, size, intact, symmetry
- Vulvar opening: Mucosa, moisture, blood vessels, discharge
Examination method and parameters in case of vagina:
Inspection, Palpation - Limited
Look at: mucosa, surface, pain, consistency, deformities
Abnormalities with vagina:
Inflammation
Trauma
Neoplasm
(Presence of foetus)
Examination method and parameters in case of uterus and ovaries areas:
Palpation through abdomen, but only if enlaged
Abnormalities of uterus and ovaries:
- Pyometra, mucometra
- Pregnancy
- Tumor
Examination method and parameters in case of mammary glands:
Inspection, Palpation
Look at: Localization, symmetry, shape, size, skin, temperature,
painfulness, structure, deformities; milk
abnormalities of mammary glands
- Pregnancy
- Pseudopregnancy
- Mastitis
- Mammary gland tumor
Additional examination for female reproductive tract:
- Routine laboratory test
- Cytology
- Microbiology: discharge, milk
- Endocrine assays:
- Ultrasonography
- Radiography
- Vaginoscopy
Difference between phimosis and paraphimosis
Phimosis is when a prepuce can’t be pulled down (retracted) from the tip of the penis.
Paraphimosis is when the prepuce is retracted but can’t move back up
