Topic 1 - Objective and methods of Clinical Diagnostics. The diagnosis. Diagnosis types. The causes of misdiagnoses. Status praesens. The order of organ system examinations Flashcards
Objective of clinical dianostics:
To detect abnormalities and to determine the body system involved, and to find the purpose of clinical examination
What is the purpose of a clinical examination?
- Being able to recommend specific TREATMENT
- Provide accurate PROGNOSIS
- To make recommendation for COST EFFECTIVE CONTROL
- PREVENTION of new cases - If animals are at risk
Methods of clinical diagnostics
Physical examination
Additional examination
Laboratory examination
Methods for physical examination:
- Inspection
- Palpation
- Auscultation
- Percussion
- Smelling
- Measuring
Name additional exams done for examination:
Non-instrumental:
1. Aspiration
2. Biopsy
3. tubing
4. Catheter
5. Centesis = puncture into body cavity (abdominocentesis)
6. Excision = surgical removal
Instrumental:
1- X-ray
2. ECG
3. Ultraosund
4. Endoscopy
5. MR
Name laboratory examinations:
- Blood
- urine
- Rumen-content
- Faeces
- Milk
What is a diagnosis?
the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms
How to develop the correct diagnosis?
- Deductive diagnosis
- Excluding diagnosis
- Diagnosis obtaining from the therapeutic results
Name the different diagnosis types:
- Causal, ethological diagnosis
- Topographical diagnosis
- Symptomatic diagnosis
- Functional diagnosis
- Tentative diagnosis
- Main and additional diagnosis
Example of causal, ethological diagnosis:
Parvovirus enteritis
Example of Topographical diagnosis:
Hepatitis
(concerning organs)
Example of Symptomatic diagnosis
Jaundice, fever
Example of Functional diagnosis
Lameness of the urinary bladder
Example of Tentative diagnosis
Sarcoptes
Example of Main and additional diagnosis
Enteritis
Flea allergy
List possible causes of false diagnoisis/misdiagnosis:
- Diagnosis without doing an examination
- the examination was not accurate, you need to take your time
- Misunderstanding one or more of the symptoms
- Insufficient diagnostic equipment
- Inappropriate reading of the laboratory result
- Neglect of repeated examinations
Parts of the current clinical state (status praesens):
Signalement/nationale
Amnesis
Current state
What is included in “Signalement/nationale”?
Name and address of the owner
Permanent data of the animal
Transient data of the animal
List the order of examination of organs and the organs-system
- General impression
- Basic clinical values
- Skin
- Lymph nodes
- Mucous membranes
- Respiratory system
- Cardiovascular system
- GI-system
- Urinary system
- Genital system
- Spleen and haemopoetic system
- Hormonal system
- Locomotor system
- Nervous system
Where can we find mucous membranes to examine?
Conjunctiva
Oral
Nasal
Anal
Genital
