Topic 17 - Examination methods of the thorax. Examination of the respiration (breathing). Flashcards
Examination methods for examining the thorax:
- Inspection
- Palpation
- Auscultation
- Percussion
Additional examination methods for examining the thorax:
- X-ray
- ultrasonography
- endoscopy
- bronchial fluid sample
- bronchial fluid analysis
- thoracentesis
- biopsy
- CT, MR,
What do we examine with inspection of the thorax?
Chest
Respiratory movements
Which parameters do we examine in the chest:
- Skin
- size, shape
- bilateral symmetry
- local deformities
Which parameters do we examine for respiratory movements:
a) frequency
b) rhythm
c) type
d) depth
What can you see?
Floating rib
Normal frequency of respiratory movements?
30/min !!!!!
When is it a normal for a dog to experience tachypnea?
= increased respiratory
- Under movement
- Excitement
- Work
- High temperature
- Obesity
- Pregnancy
When is it a abnormal for a dog to experience tachypnea?
- Fever
- Hypoxia
- Hypercapnia
- Pain in respiratory organs
When is it abnormal for a dog to experience bradypnoea?
= decreased respiratory rate
- CNS disease
- Toxicosis
- Shock
Normal respiration rhythm:
Inspiration is a bit longer than expiration, and it is rhytmical
Cause of held inspiration:
Narrowed upper airways
Higher abdominal pressure
Cause of held expiration:
Decreased lung capacity
Bronchitis
Cause of shorter inspiration or expiration
Inhibition
Pain
Cause of asymmetric breathing:
One of the main bronchus have an obstruction
Pain in one chest
Cause of intermittent inspiration
Can be normal and abnormal
Normal cause of intermittent inspiration:
During excitement
Long exhausting work
Abnormal cause of intermittent inspiration:
Painful chest disorder
Normal respiratory movement type:
costal-costoabdominal in dogs and cats
Abnormal respiratory movement type:
Costal respiration
Abdominal respiration
What can be the cause of a costal respiration?
- The function of the diaphragm is lost
- Increased abdominal pressure
- Narrowed upper airways
- Compression of the lungs
What can be the cause of a abdominal respiration?
Painful chest disease
Paralysis of intercostal muscles
Normal depth of respiratory movement:
Medium deep
Abnormal depth of respiratory movements:
Shallow
Deep
Causes of a shallow depth of respiratory movements
- Severe dyspnea
- Painful diaphragm
- Respiratory center damage
Causes of a deep depth of respiratory movements
- After fast movement
- At hypoxia
- Sign of dyspnea
What do we examine with palpation of the thorax?
Temperature
Fremitus pectoralis
Pain
Check for deformities
When can we observe Fremitus pectoralis?
during dry pleurisy, bronchitis, stenotic cardiac valves or valve insufficiency
Two types of auscultation, what are they?
Direct = with ear
Indirect = stethoscope
Why do we perform percussion in case of a thoracic examination?
Acoustic and to localise pain.
We localise the lung borders, determine gas contents
Normal percussion sound in small animals:
Sharp
High/low
Resonant
Long
Normal percussion sound in large animals:
Sharp
Low
Resonant
Short
