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Microbiology > Tools of the Labratory > Flashcards

Tools of the Labratory Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

inoculation

A

introducing microbes to a fresh medium

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2
Q

incubation

A

placing microbes into optimal conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity)

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3
Q

what is the significance of 37C?

A

reflects body temperature; culture human pathogens/microbes

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4
Q

isolation

A

separating species form the rest of the sample

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5
Q

purpose of isolation techniques

A

achieve/obtain a single colony growing on a solid medium

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6
Q

single colony

A

spot on a plate; single clump of microbes that are clones of each other

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7
Q

Fanny Eilshemius Hesse

A

recommended the use of agar when studying microbes

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8
Q

streaking for singles

A

sectioning areas of microbes and reducing the amount of colonies to make single colonies

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9
Q

loop dilution

A

get sample (liquid/solid), collect on loop, and put into first culture onto sterile warm liquid agar → then placed into petri plate

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10
Q

loop dilution characteristics

A
  • microbes embedded into agar (good for anaerobic microbes)
  • can be diluted in agar solutions to single out colonies
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11
Q

spread plate

A

uses petri plates (liquid sample); spread culture evenly on plate and can be diluted in multiple tests

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12
Q

colony forming unit (CFU)

A

roughly equivalent to a cell; assume that one colony = one cell

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13
Q

broth v agar medium

A

broth: liquid
agar: solid

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14
Q

general-purpose media

A

medium which will grow most microbes; usually non-synthetic

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15
Q

synthetic medium

A

every molecule and the composition of the media is known

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16
Q

enriched media

A

any type of medium which is used for fastidious microbes (picky microbes)

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17
Q

selective media

A

overlaps with synthetic, some microbes are allowed to grow and divide while other are inhibited from growth

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18
Q

differential media

A

grows everything but shows the difference between each of the microbes
- Carry different characteristics under the media (colors, spread, etc)

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19
Q

pure culture

A

one known species of microbe

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20
Q

mixed culture

A

two microbes which are distinguishable from each other growing on the same media

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21
Q

contamination

A

growth of a microbe which is unwanted

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22
Q

viable but not culturable (VBNC)

A

living microbes that will not grow in the lab
- makes up for 90% of microbes

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23
Q

compound microscope

A

combines 2 different magnifying lenses/curved glasses

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24
Q

objective lens

A

where the light on a microscope passes through

25
Q

ocular lens/eyepiece lens

A

increases magnification; where you view image

26
Q

condenser lens

A

focuses the light source onto the specimen; underneath specimen, above the lamp

27
Q

magnification

A

result of light waves passing through curved glasses/lenses which then refracts light increasing the image of the organisms that you are viewing

28
Q

increasing the curvature of the lens…

A

increases the magnification

29
Q

resolution

A

the ABILITY to see two objects as being separate

30
Q

what is the physical limiting factor the keeps light microscopes from visualizing smaller objects?

A

resolution; harder to obtain smaller wavelengths which is optimal for better resolution of an object

31
Q

limit of resolution

A

the DISTANCE two objects need to be to be seen as separate

32
Q

how to calculate limit of resolution?

A

wavelength of light (nm) / NA condenser + NA of objective lens

33
Q

NA

A

numerical aperture of lens; 200 µm

34
Q

what is the oil immersion lens used for?

A

to view smaller bacteria and cells

35
Q

what is the purpose of the oil with the 100x lens?

A

the oil bends/refracts light that would escape to go into the objective lens; retains more of the light moving through the specimen

36
Q

properties of the oil

A

the oil must have the same refractive properties of glass

37
Q

bright field microscope

A

most commonly used to view dead cells; field is brighter than the specimen

38
Q

dark field microscope

A

used to see living specimens (possibly swimming around); field is darker than the specimen

39
Q

what does the dark field microscope highlight?

A

shines only the exterior of the cell and their general characteristics; does not include the internal structures of the cell

40
Q

use of differential interference contrast (DIC) & phase-contrast microscope

A

view internal structures of living cells

41
Q

difference between DIC and phase-contrast microscope

A

each have the ability to view different structures in a cell; use depends on what structure of the cell you are trying to view

42
Q

hanging drop slide

A

good for large moving organisms

43
Q

electron microscope

A

electrons go through magnets to increase the size of the image instead of the lens

44
Q

what stain is used for electron microscopes?

A

specimen is coated in metal particles due to the electrons being able to move through metal easier

45
Q

what do electron microscopes use to help visualize a specimen?

A

electrons go through magnets to increase the size of the image

46
Q

TEM

A

transfer electrons through the specimen; electrons come from underneath and through to view internal structure of the cell
- specimen must be cut in half

47
Q

SEM

A

electrons go on top on the surface and they bound off of the microbe to visualize the surface of the cells; scanning over the surface of the cell

48
Q

when are SEM and TEM used?

A

only used for research

49
Q

Which microscope does not use light in forming the specimen image?

A

electron microscope

50
Q

Which of the following characteristics refers to the microscope’s ability to show two separate entities as separate and distinct?

A

resolving power

51
Q

A medium is designed that allows only staphylococci to grow. In addition, S. aureus colonies have a yellow halo around them and other staphylococci appear white. This type of media is…

A

both selective and differential

52
Q

A common medium used for growing fastidious bacteria is…

A

chocolate agar

53
Q

The Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain are…

A

differential stains

54
Q

Which method often results in colonies developing down throughout the agar and some colonies on the surface?

A

pour plate

55
Q

Which microscope shows cells against a bright background and the intracellular structures of unstained cells based on their varying densities?

A

phase contrast

56
Q

If a microbiologist is studying a specimen at a total magnification of 950X, what is the magnifying power of the objective lens if the ocular lens is 10X?

A

95X

57
Q

A nutrient medium that has all of its chemical components identified and their precise concentrations known and reproducible would be termed

A

synthetic

58
Q
A

Microbiology (12 decks)

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