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Microbiology > Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How long have ancient eukaryotic protists been around for?

A

2 million years

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2
Q

Lynn Margulis

A

provided sufficient evidence for the evolution of eukaryotic cells through the Endosymbiotic Theory

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3
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A
  1. invagination of the plasma membrane surrounding DNA (protects DNA with 2 membrane system)
  2. obligate intracellular parasite enters into the larger cell
  3. the parasite and cell create a symbiotic relationship between the parasite and cell (becomes mitochondria and created ATP)
  4. cyanobacteria was absorbed by the cell and helped the cell convert sunlight into sugar for the cell
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4
Q

Pros and Cons: Endosymbiotic theory

A

pros: addresses evolution of mitochondria and presence of chloroplasts
cons: does not address the evolution of other organelles

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5
Q

Evidence of the endosymbiotic theory

A
  • chloroplasts and mitochondria have circular DNA
  • chloroplasts and mitochondria contain 70S ribosomes
  • linear DNA in nucleus
  • chloroplasts similar to cyanobacteria
  • mitochondria is similar to rickettsia
  • mitochondria: inner membrane more bacteria, outer membrane more eukaryotic
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6
Q

When did multicellular organisms start to evolve?

A

650 mya

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7
Q

Arrangement of microtubules in flagella

A

9+2 arrangement; 9 pairs surrounding 2 tubulins

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8
Q

Eukaryotic flagella movement

A

whipping movement

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9
Q

What is eukaryotic flagella made of?

A

microtubules

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10
Q

How much larger is eukaryotic flagella in comparison to prokaryotic flagella

A

10x larger

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11
Q

What eukaryotic groups have flagella?

A

some protazoa and algae, few animal cells

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12
Q

Cilia characteristics

A

structure used for movement which is made of microtubules, short and ore frequent on the body of the eukaryotic cell, move in a wave like movement

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13
Q

Where are eukaryotic cilia present?

A

some protazoa and in human bodies

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14
Q

Cell wall is made up of three groups

A

chitin, glycoprotein, mixed glycans

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15
Q

Biggest internal structure in eukaryotes

A

nucleus

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16
Q

Membrane which surrounds the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

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17
Q

Nuclear envelope makeup

A

2 phospholipid bilayer

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18
Q

Nuclear pores

A

protein holes which allows for the regulated movement of molecules into and out of the nucleus

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19
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of ribosome synthesis in the nucleus

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20
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA wrapped in histones

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21
Q

Histones

A

type of protein

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22
Q

DNA is made up of…

A

chromosomes
- linear and 46 pieces

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23
Q

Diploid

A

2 copies of every chromosome/gene

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24
Q

Mitosis stages

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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25
Q

Prophase

A

cells prepare to divide

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26
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up

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27
Q

Anaphase

A

chromosomes separate

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28
Q

Telophase

A

chromosomes un-condense and form 2 new nuclear membranes

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29
Q

Smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis

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30
Q

Rough ER

A

protein synthesis

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31
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

single membrane system which is the site of processing

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32
Q

How does the golgi apparatus transport molecules?

A

golgi packages materials into a membrane that buds off and is transported its destignated area

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33
Q

The Assembly Line

A

DNA copies information into mRNA > mRNA leaves through nuclear pores into cytoplasm > translated in the rough ER > golgi apparatus attaches and transports the molecule to its designated destination

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34
Q

Where do lysosomes come from?

A

golgi apparatus

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35
Q

Lysosome

A

site of breaking down materials

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36
Q

Vacuoles

A

storage site of some cells; materials/toxins are stored/dumped

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37
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of ATP synthesis using oxygen to convert sugar into ATP

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38
Q

Layer of mitochondria

A

inner and outer layer

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39
Q

Cristae

A

inner fold of mitochondria

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40
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

fluid filled space in the inner membrane of the mitochondria which contains 70s ribosomes/bacterial DNA

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41
Q

Chloroplasts 3 membrane system

A

outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid membrane

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42
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

where photosynthesis occurs converting light energy to chemical energy (sugar); contains chlorophyll a

43
Q

What is the waste product the thylakoid membrane produces when photosynthesis occurs?

A

oxygen

44
Q

Stroma

A

fluid filled space of chloroplasts

45
Q

Where is DNA/70S ribosomes found in chloroplasts?

A

stroma

46
Q

What are eukaryotic ribosomes made of?

A

rRNA and ribosomal proteins

47
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

cytoplasm and rough ER

48
Q

Microfilaments

A

thinnest component of the filament which is made up of actin

49
Q

Microfilament movement

A

oozing

50
Q

What are microfilaments involved in?

A

cell movement and cell division

51
Q

Microfilament cell division

A

moves the plasma membrane and pinches it to divide them into two cell

52
Q

Microtubules

A

small tubes made of tubulin protein; can help move organelles

53
Q

Microtubules cell division

A

grab onto chromosomes and pulls them apart

54
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

55
Q

5 supergroups of eukarya

A

plants, SAR, excavates, ameobazoans, opisthokonts

56
Q

Plants

A

include plants, green algae, and red algae

57
Q

SAR

A

include brown algae, diatoms, apicomplexans (protazoa), dinoflagelletes, cilliates

58
Q

Excavates

A

flagella protazoa, euglena

59
Q

Ameobazoans

A

ameobas

60
Q

Opisthokonts

A

animal, fungi

61
Q

Macroscopic fungi

A

fungi which can be seen with the naked eye

62
Q

Microscopic fungi

A

yeast and molds

62
Q

Fungal shapes

A

yeast (ovoid/large in size) and hyphal shape

63
Q

Yeast

A

shiny, unicellular

64
Q

Hyphae

A

thread like structure found in mold

65
Q

Mycelium

A

hyphae in large groups which form mold surface

66
Q

Hyphal structures can be…

A

septate: nucleus is separated throughout the hyphae
non-septate: nuclei are not seperated by a wall

67
Q

Fungi is dimorphic

A

can switch between hyphal and yeast shape

68
Q

What causes fungi to change shapes?

A

based on temperature

69
Q

Fungal nutrition

A

heterotrophic (eat other organisms)

69
Q

Saprobe

A

eat dead organisms/mater

70
Q

Substrate

A

surface where the microbe is grown

71
Q

Fungal advantages

A

due to their strong digestive enzymes that transport food molecules into the cell, they are able to live in nutrient poor environments

72
Q

Asexual fungal spores

A

sporangiospore, conidia

73
Q

Sporangiospore

A

surrounded by sac

74
Q

Conidia

A

not surrounded by sac and releases when ready; more common

75
Q

Can all fungi produce sexual spores?

A

yes

76
Q

Sexual Fungal Reproduction

A

zygospores, ascospores, basidiospores, chytrids

77
Q

Zygospores

A

strong spiny walls (bread and fruit mold)

78
Q

Ascospores

A

8 spores enclosed in a sac (cup fungi)

79
Q

Basidiospores

A

club like structure which spores come off (toad stools)

80
Q

Classification of fungi is based on…

A

appearance of reproductive spores

81
Q

Chytrids

A

fungi which have caused the death of many amphibians

82
Q

What must occur for a fungal infection to occur?

A

weakened immune system

83
Q

Classification of algae is based on…

A

color

84
Q

What shape in algae is unique between the species?

A

chloroplasts

85
Q

Diatomaceous earth

A

silica cell walls of the diatoms formed on the earth

86
Q

algae characteristics

A

form agar, make up portion of oxygen, cannot get people sick

87
Q

Classification of SAR is based on…

A

motility

88
Q

Protazoan nutrition

A

heterotrophs

89
Q

Protazoa cytoplasm

A

2 cytoplasm: ectoplasm and endoplasm

90
Q

Ectoplasm

A

cytoplasm underneath the cell membrane

90
Q

Endoplasm

A

where nucleus and organelles are

91
Q

SAR nuclei

A

can have two nuclei: macronucleus and micronucleus

91
Q

Macronucleus

A

necessary genes for life

92
Q

Micronucleus

A

contains advantageous genes

93
Q

SAR

A

apicomplexa, ciliates, excavata, ameobazonas

94
Q

Apicomplexa

A

parasite which lacks motility due to them being in the “perfect” environment

95
Q

Ciliates

A

move by cilia; have no effect on human health

96
Q

Excavata

A

move by flagella

97
Q

Ameobazoans

A

move with ameboid movement using psuedopods

98
Q

Parasitic Roundworm Phylums

A

Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

99
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

nematodes

100
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

flukes and tapeworms

Microbiology (12 decks)

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