Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How long have ancient eukaryotic protists been around for?

A

2 million years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lynn Margulis

A

provided sufficient evidence for the evolution of eukaryotic cells through the Endosymbiotic Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A
  1. invagination of the plasma membrane surrounding DNA (protects DNA with 2 membrane system)
  2. obligate intracellular parasite enters into the larger cell
  3. the parasite and cell create a symbiotic relationship between the parasite and cell (becomes mitochondria and created ATP)
  4. cyanobacteria was absorbed by the cell and helped the cell convert sunlight into sugar for the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pros and Cons: Endosymbiotic theory

A

pros: addresses evolution of mitochondria and presence of chloroplasts
cons: does not address the evolution of other organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Evidence of the endosymbiotic theory

A
  • chloroplasts and mitochondria have circular DNA
  • chloroplasts and mitochondria contain 70S ribosomes
  • linear DNA in nucleus
  • chloroplasts similar to cyanobacteria
  • mitochondria is similar to rickettsia
  • mitochondria: inner membrane more bacteria, outer membrane more eukaryotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When did multicellular organisms start to evolve?

A

650 mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Arrangement of microtubules in flagella

A

9+2 arrangement; 9 pairs surrounding 2 tubulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Eukaryotic flagella movement

A

whipping movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is eukaryotic flagella made of?

A

microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How much larger is eukaryotic flagella in comparison to prokaryotic flagella

A

10x larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What eukaryotic groups have flagella?

A

some protazoa and algae, few animal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cilia characteristics

A

structure used for movement which is made of microtubules, short and ore frequent on the body of the eukaryotic cell, move in a wave like movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are eukaryotic cilia present?

A

some protazoa and in human bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cell wall is made up of three groups

A

chitin, glycoprotein, mixed glycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Biggest internal structure in eukaryotes

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Membrane which surrounds the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nuclear envelope makeup

A

2 phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nuclear pores

A

protein holes which allows for the regulated movement of molecules into and out of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of ribosome synthesis in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA wrapped in histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Histones

A

type of protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

DNA is made up of…

A

chromosomes
- linear and 46 pieces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Diploid

A

2 copies of every chromosome/gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mitosis stages

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Prophase

A

cells prepare to divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Anaphase

A

chromosomes separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Telophase

A

chromosomes un-condense and form 2 new nuclear membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Rough ER

A

protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

single membrane system which is the site of processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does the golgi apparatus transport molecules?

A

golgi packages materials into a membrane that buds off and is transported its destignated area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The Assembly Line

A

DNA copies information into mRNA > mRNA leaves through nuclear pores into cytoplasm > translated in the rough ER > golgi apparatus attaches and transports the molecule to its designated destination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where do lysosomes come from?

A

golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Lysosome

A

site of breaking down materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Vacuoles

A

storage site of some cells; materials/toxins are stored/dumped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of ATP synthesis using oxygen to convert sugar into ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Layer of mitochondria

A

inner and outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cristae

A

inner fold of mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

fluid filled space in the inner membrane of the mitochondria which contains 70s ribosomes/bacterial DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Chloroplasts 3 membrane system

A

outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

where photosynthesis occurs converting light energy to chemical energy (sugar); contains chlorophyll a

43
Q

What is the waste product the thylakoid membrane produces when photosynthesis occurs?

A

oxygen

44
Q

Stroma

A

fluid filled space of chloroplasts

45
Q

Where is DNA/70S ribosomes found in chloroplasts?

A

stroma

46
Q

What are eukaryotic ribosomes made of?

A

rRNA and ribosomal proteins

47
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

cytoplasm and rough ER

48
Q

Microfilaments

A

thinnest component of the filament which is made up of actin

49
Q

Microfilament movement

A

oozing

50
Q

What are microfilaments involved in?

A

cell movement and cell division

51
Q

Microfilament cell division

A

moves the plasma membrane and pinches it to divide them into two cell

52
Q

Microtubules

A

small tubes made of tubulin protein; can help move organelles

53
Q

Microtubules cell division

A

grab onto chromosomes and pulls them apart

54
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

55
Q

5 supergroups of eukarya

A

plants, SAR, excavates, ameobazoans, opisthokonts

56
Q

Plants

A

include plants, green algae, and red algae

57
Q

SAR

A

include brown algae, diatoms, apicomplexans (protazoa), dinoflagelletes, cilliates

58
Q

Excavates

A

flagella protazoa, euglena

59
Q

Ameobazoans

A

ameobas

60
Q

Opisthokonts

A

animal, fungi

61
Q

Macroscopic fungi

A

fungi which can be seen with the naked eye

62
Q

Microscopic fungi

A

yeast and molds

62
Q

Fungal shapes

A

yeast (ovoid/large in size) and hyphal shape

63
Q

Yeast

A

shiny, unicellular

64
Q

Hyphae

A

thread like structure found in mold

65
Q

Mycelium

A

hyphae in large groups which form mold surface

66
Q

Hyphal structures can be…

A

septate: nucleus is separated throughout the hyphae
non-septate: nuclei are not seperated by a wall

67
Q

Fungi is dimorphic

A

can switch between hyphal and yeast shape

68
Q

What causes fungi to change shapes?

A

based on temperature

69
Q

Fungal nutrition

A

heterotrophic (eat other organisms)

69
Q

Saprobe

A

eat dead organisms/mater

70
Q

Substrate

A

surface where the microbe is grown

71
Q

Fungal advantages

A

due to their strong digestive enzymes that transport food molecules into the cell, they are able to live in nutrient poor environments

72
Q

Asexual fungal spores

A

sporangiospore, conidia

73
Q

Sporangiospore

A

surrounded by sac

74
Q

Conidia

A

not surrounded by sac and releases when ready; more common

75
Q

Can all fungi produce sexual spores?

A

yes

76
Q

Sexual Fungal Reproduction

A

zygospores, ascospores, basidiospores, chytrids

77
Q

Zygospores

A

strong spiny walls (bread and fruit mold)

78
Q

Ascospores

A

8 spores enclosed in a sac (cup fungi)

79
Q

Basidiospores

A

club like structure which spores come off (toad stools)

80
Q

Classification of fungi is based on…

A

appearance of reproductive spores

81
Q

Chytrids

A

fungi which have caused the death of many amphibians

82
Q

What must occur for a fungal infection to occur?

A

weakened immune system

83
Q

Classification of algae is based on…

A

color

84
Q

What shape in algae is unique between the species?

A

chloroplasts

85
Q

Diatomaceous earth

A

silica cell walls of the diatoms formed on the earth

86
Q

algae characteristics

A

form agar, make up portion of oxygen, cannot get people sick

87
Q

Classification of SAR is based on…

A

motility

88
Q

Protazoan nutrition

A

heterotrophs

89
Q

Protazoa cytoplasm

A

2 cytoplasm: ectoplasm and endoplasm

90
Q

Ectoplasm

A

cytoplasm underneath the cell membrane

90
Q

Endoplasm

A

where nucleus and organelles are

91
Q

SAR nuclei

A

can have two nuclei: macronucleus and micronucleus

91
Q

Macronucleus

A

necessary genes for life

92
Q

Micronucleus

A

contains advantageous genes

93
Q

SAR

A

apicomplexa, ciliates, excavata, ameobazonas

94
Q

Apicomplexa

A

parasite which lacks motility due to them being in the “perfect” environment

95
Q

Ciliates

A

move by cilia; have no effect on human health

96
Q

Excavata

A

move by flagella

97
Q

Ameobazoans

A

move with ameboid movement using psuedopods

98
Q

Parasitic Roundworm Phylums

A

Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

99
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

nematodes

100
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

flukes and tapeworms

Microbiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions