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Nonspecific Host Defenses Flashcards

1
Q

3 lines of defense

A

first, second, third

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2
Q

first line of defense

A

block the microbe from entering the body/portal of entry (nonspecific and innate)

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3
Q

second line of defense

A

through the entire body/systemic (nonspecific, innate)

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4
Q

eg. of second line of defense

A

phagocytosis, interferons

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5
Q

third line of defense

A

systemic, acquired, specific

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6
Q

characteristics of third line of defense

A

Changes throughout lifetime,
Specific to a strain of microbe,
B and T lymphocytes, antibodies, cytotoxins

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7
Q

first line of defense mechanisms

A

Physical or anatomical barriers, chemical defense layers, genetic defenses

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8
Q

Physical or anatomical barriers

A

skin, mucus membranes, respiratory tract

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9
Q

skin

A

thick keratin layer

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10
Q

how does skin remove microbes

A

keratin, hairshaft, sweating

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11
Q

keratin

A

thick insoluble layer that prevents microbes from entering

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12
Q

hair-shaft

A

hair sheds removing microbes

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13
Q

sweating

A

removes mircobes

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14
Q

mucus membranes

A

moist permeable layer which gets flushed with fluid to remove microbes

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15
Q

where are mucus membranes present?

A

Gi tract, Respiratory tract, urinary tract

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16
Q

Respiratory tract

A

nasal hairs that trap large particles, cilia actively brush mucus out of respiratory tract

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17
Q

chemical defense layer

A

lysozyme, defensins, stomach pH

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18
Q

lysozyme

A

breaks down peptidogylcan

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19
Q

defensins

A

small proteins that are found in bodily fluids that insert into the cell membrane of microbes causing leaks

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20
Q

genetic defenses eg.

A

Cat HIV, sickle cell anemia against anemia

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21
Q

Components of Second and Third Lines of Defense

A

system wide defense, white blood cells

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22
Q

component of second line of defense

A

PRRs, PAMPs

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23
Q

component of third line of defense

A

antibodies, antigens

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24
Q

system wide defense

A

constantly look and recognize if microbe is foreign

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25
Q

white blood cells

A

recognize what does not belong by cell surface markers made of proteins/sugars

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26
Q

PRRs

A

recognize molecular patterns that are recognized as foreign

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27
Q

PAMPs

A

molecular patterns

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28
Q

eg. PAMPs

A

LPS, peptidoglycan, flagellin, ds RNA, techoic acid, chtin

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29
Q

Systems involved in immune defenses

A

extracellular fluid, Reticuloendotheial system (RES), bloodstream

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30
Q

Reticuloendotheial system (RES)

A

network of connective tissue that surrounds organs; Way to prevent microbes from attacking important organs

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31
Q

bloodstream includes

A

plasma, granulocytes, agranulocytes,

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32
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process of blood cell production

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33
Q

hematopoiesis produces

A

leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets

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34
Q

blood plasma

A

fluid of blood

35
Q

blood plasma includes

A

sugars, dissolved gasses, antibodies, platelets, clotting factors

36
Q

granulocytes

A

pokadots (organelles) in white blood cell; found by using multiple dyes

37
Q

types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

38
Q

neutrophil

A

Most common phagocyte in the body and WBC/act as phagocytes

39
Q

eosinophil

A

Fight worm infections and fungal infections by binding to the larger microbe and releasing digestive enzyme

40
Q

basophils

A

Involved in histamine and inflammation production and regulates sleep wake cycles

41
Q

mast cells

A

Found in connective tissue and involved in anaphylaxis

42
Q

Agranulocytes

A

unstained organelles

43
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

44
Q

lymphocytes

A

smaller and have no cytoplasm

45
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells

46
Q

T cells

A

fight off infections; cell mediated immunity

47
Q

B cells

A

make antibodies; humoral immunity

48
Q

types of monocytes

A

macrophages, dendritic cells

49
Q

macrophages

A

blood stream

50
Q

dendritic cells

A

connective tissues

51
Q

are macrophages and dendritic cells phagocytes?

A

yes and Involved in antigen processing and antigen presenting

52
Q

lymphatic fluid

A

contains all components blood has except for RBC

53
Q

major functions of lymphatic system

A

return leaked fluid, draining off inflammatory fluid, surveillance/recognition/destruction of foreign cells

54
Q

Lymphatic vessels move

A

only inwards; through skeletal muscle movements

55
Q

what prevents backflow?

56
Q

Lymph organs

A

thymus, lymph nodes, spleen

57
Q

thymus

A

where t cells mature

58
Q

lymph nodes

A

filters moving from extremities back to bloodstream

59
Q

Region of lymph node clusters

A

neck, maxillary/armpits, abdominal region

60
Q

Spleen

A

filter out dead blood cells

61
Q

MALT/GALT

A

mucus membrane, gut tissue

62
Q

cause of swollen lymph nodes

A

white blood cells gathering, metastasis cancer cells

63
Q

activation of innate immunity caused by

A

PRRs and PAMPs, TLRs

64
Q

toll like receptors (TLR)

A

pattern recognition receptor in phagocytes; Bind to PAMPs

65
Q

Dimerization

A

bind to same PAMP

66
Q

Cytokines

A

molecule to communicate to other cells of the body

67
Q

interleukins

A

molecule made to communicate with other white blood cells

68
Q

Inflammatory response

A

any response to tissue damage

69
Q

Purpose of inflammatory response

A

to draw fluid and white blood cells to the site of healing to prevent foreign material from entering body and draw fluid

70
Q

stages of Inflammatory response

A
  1. Injury
  2. Rubor/calor: redness/heat
  3. Tumor: swelling
  4. Dolor: pain
  5. Loss of function: scab
71
Q

Inflammatory response microscopic

A
  1. Damaged cells will be picked up and sensed by white blood cells
  2. White blood cells send cytokines to cause blood cells to constrict; prevents bacteria from entering and decrease blood loss
  3. Send cytokines for blood cells to dialate; Allow more movement of blood and Causes adeema (buildup of fluid) + pus formation
72
Q

Histamine

A

help release fluid

73
Q

CRP/C-reactive protein

A

PRRs important in enhancing phagocytosis and complement system function; promote inflammation

74
Q

Diapedesis

A

white blood cells leaving the bloodstream; creates pus

75
Q

Pyrogens

A

cause fever; slow cell division

76
Q

purpose of fevers

A

promote t cell development/cell division, improves ethicacy of t cell production and speeds up maturation, brings iron into the macrophages

77
Q

mechanisms of phagocytes

A
  1. Chemotaxis: microbe using TLR to recognize pathogen/foreign debris and chases after it
  2. Adhesion:
    Uses PAMP to attach
  3. Engulfment: endocytosis; brings into cell vacuole
    Phagosome: cell vacuole
  4. Phagolysosome forming: phagosome fuses with lysosome
  5. Killing infastructure
    Goes through antigen processing if dendrtic/neturophil
78
Q

interferons are produced by

A

white blood cells that detect the presence of viruses/cancer cells

79
Q

interferons purpose

A

Sent to other white blood cells to become specialized to fight viruses/cancer cells

80
Q

interferons

A

White blood cell detects virus and produces/releases interferons as the virus is synthesizing and then other white blood cell recieves interferons and creates DNases and becomes antiviral cell

81
Q

interferon types

A

made by t cells, macrophages, specific white blood cells

82
Q

complement system

A

component of second line of defense; collection of proteins that work together in a cascade to create a hole in the membrane of pathogens

Microbiology (16 decks)

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