Genetic Engineering Flashcards
How does heating DNA effect it?
its breaks the hydrogen bonds to obtain single stranded bonds
Renature DNA
brining molecules back together by cooling
What are restriction enzymes used for?
enzymes naturally found in bacteria which are used as a defense mechanism against viruses which try to enter the cell
What do restriciton enzymes do?
cut straight through DNA molecules at specific sequences by breaking phosphodiester bonds
How long are restriction sites?
5-6 nucleotides long
Restriction fragments
pieces which restriction enzymes cut up from the DNA sequencs
Reverse transcription
enzyme which takes RNA copy and synthesize a DNA copy from it
What is the product of reverse transcription?
complementary DNA/ C-DNA
Gel electrophoresis
DNA is run through agarose which separates the DNA based on its size
How does DNA travel in gel electrophoresis?
shorter pieces are able to travel farther, longer pieces travel shorter distances
DNA Fingerprinting/RFLP
use restriction enzyme to cut up certain sequences to obtain restriction fragments of certain individuals; the restriction fragments differ from person to person
DNA hybridization
using probe DNA to create a marker in a DNA sequence
Situ
in place
Probe
a short DNA fragment
Southern blot
run DNA on gel electrophoresis and transfer this DNA into a membrane using an electric current/capillary action and putting this with a probe to see if it binded with a piece of DNA
What does Southern blot identify within a sample?
can identify a specific sequence in a sample
PCR
makes copies of genes that are only found in the microbe
How does PCR create copies of genes?
denature, annealing, extension
Annealing
specific primer attaches to the DNA
Extension
allows DNA polymerase to copy DNA using Taq DNA polymerase
Why is Taq DNA polymerase used?
can survive hot temperatures
What is the difference between denaturation, annealing, extension?
temperature
DNA sequences
sequences the DNA and can determine what the sequence is
What is the difference between ddNTP and dNTP?
ddNTP has a hydrogen instead of a hydroxide which terminates the sequence; has color
What is DNA sequencing similar to?
gel electrophresis
Nanopore DNA sequencing
membrane which have a synthesized protein which allows the DNA and electric current of ions to run through which allows sequences to be recognized based on the current they send through
Recombination DNA sequencing
when a scientist mixes DNA
Agrobacterium transformation
genetic engineering in plants; make pesticides inside their tissue/resistint to herbicides
Transgenic animals
genetically altered animals
CRISPR
new technology used for adding/removing/alter genes however you want from any organism
Gene therapy
altering genes to treat certain illnesses
