Drugs, Microbes, and the Host

Question 1

chemotherapeutic drug

Answer 1

any chemical that’s used to treat, relief or prophylaxis of a disease

Question 2

prophylaxis

Answer 2

prevent potential for future infections

Question 3

antibiotic

Answer 3

drug that kills bacteria

Question 4

Gerhard Domagk discovered

Answer 4

sulfonamide could work as a antibacterial drug inside the human body accidentally

Question 5

Alexander Fleming

Answer 5

discovered first natural antibiotic penicillin

Question 6

Bacteria/Fungi that produce antibiotics

Answer 6

bacillus and streptomyces (1/3 from streptomyces)

Question 7

What do antibiotics target?

Answer 7

disrupt cell processes or interfere with the formation or structures of the cell

Question 8

narrow spectrum

Answer 8

a drug that is effective on a small range of microbes

Question 9

broad spectrum

Answer 9

affects a large number of microbes

Question 10

Effect of broad spectrum drugs

Answer 10

effect natural resident microflora in your body, more likely to lead to evolution of resistance

Question 11

folic acid

Answer 11

makes nucleotides and amino acids (humans consume this)

Question 12

antibiotic or antimicrobial drug groups

Answer 12

280 different types of antibiotics that are grouped into about 24 different families

Question 13

penicillins (-pyin)

Answer 13

target bacterial cell wall synthesis (beta-lactam); binds to the active site inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan

Question 14

penicillinase

Answer 14

an enzyme that destroy penicillin in bacteria

Question 15

Augmentin

Answer 15

combines a penicillin drug with a second chemical that blocks penicillinase for more effective penicillin

Question 16

cephalosporin

Answer 16

fungus which produces antibiotics (cef, ceph, kef)

Question 17

cephalosporin advantages

Answer 17

fewer instances of allergies and also less resistance develop

Question 18

carbapenems

Answer 18

resistant endobacteria

Question 19

beta-lactam antibiotics

Answer 19

cephalosporin, penicillin, carbapenems

Question 20

polymyxins

Answer 20

target the cell membrane of bacteria

Question 21

fluoroquinolones (-floxacin) broadspectrum

Answer 21

bind to topoisomerase; prevents that enzyme from functioning and thereby blocks DNA replication itself keeping the cells from dividing and essentially killing them

Question 22

Aminoglycosides

Answer 22

interfere with protein synthesis

Question 23

Tetracyclines

Answer 23

inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit to block it

Question 24

Chloramphenicol

Answer 24

interferes with protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit

Question 25

Macrolides

Answer 25

binds to the 50s ribosomal subunit inhibiting translocation

Question 26

Sulfonamides

Answer 26

inhibits folic acid metabolism

Question 27

antifungal

Answer 27

polyenes and azoles

Question 28

fluoroquinolones are

Answer 28

synthetic

Question 29

most toxic drug to humans

Answer 29

chloramphenicol

Question 30

Penicillins and cephalosporins

Answer 30

block cross-linking of peptidoglycan.

Question 31

antimicrobic that does not inhibit cell wall synthesis

Answer 31

gentamicin

Question 32

Antibiotics that are macrolides

Answer 32

include azithromycin and erythromycin.

Question 33

Species of Bacillus produce

Answer 33

polymyxins.

Question 34

one way antihelminthic drugs work against the helminth

Answer 34

They paralyze it

Question 35

Acyclovir

Answer 35

treat genital herpes.

Question 36

NOT a mode of action of an antiviral

Answer 36

Bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane

Question 37

mode of action of antiviral

Answer 37

Block viral assembly, Inhibit DNA synthesis, Block viral entry into a host cell, Block transcription and translation

Question 38

An antiviral that is a thymine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that

Answer 38

blocks DNA synthesis.

Question 39

Why has the United States and Europe banned the use of human drugs in animal feeds?

Answer 39

Because it contributes to the growing drug resistance problem.

Question 40

How long have the genes for antibiotic resistance been around?

Answer 40

For millions to billions of years

Question 41

The Kirby-Bauer test

Answer 41

agar surface, seeded with the test bacterium, to which small discs containing a specific concentration of several drugs are placed on the surface.

Question 42

A superinfection results from

Answer 42

decrease in most normal flora with overgrowth of an unaffected species.

Question 43

antimicrobials is contraindicated for children due to permanent tooth discoloration

Answer 43

tetracycline

Question 44

Janice has just had hip replacement surgery and her physician has prescribed antibiotics and directed her to take them every time she has a dental appointment. This is an example of antibiotic

Answer 44

Janice has just had hip replacement surgery and her physician has prescribed antibiotics and directed her to take them every time she has a dental appointment. This is an example of antibiotic