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Microbiology > The Chemistry of Biology > Flashcards

The Chemistry of Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

atom

A

smallest unit which cannot be broken apart without breaking its properties

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2
Q

Protons and neutrons are found…

A

in the nucleus

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3
Q

How can protons and neutrons change into one another?

A

radioactive decay

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4
Q

Electrons are found in…

A

electron cloud

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5
Q

What determines the properties of the atom?

A

number of protons

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6
Q

Isotope

A

element with a different number of neutrons in comparison to protons

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7
Q

Ion

A

charged element due to less/more electrons

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8
Q

bond formations

A

H: 1
O: 2
N: 3
C: 4

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9
Q

Three types of bonds

A

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

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10
Q

Covalent bonds

A

2 atoms sharing one or more electrons

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11
Q

Ionic bonds

A

elements which give or take electrons

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12
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

bonds of attraction

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13
Q

characteristics of covalent bonds

A

→ can have equal sharing or unequal sharing of electrons
→ equal sharing is most common: results in nonpolar molecules
→ unequal sharing can happen in covalent bonds: in living systems H-O and H-N
→ results in polar molecules such as water

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14
Q

cations

A

positively charged ion

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15
Q

characteristics of ionic bonds

A

creation of cations and anions

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16
Q

anions

A

negatively charged ion

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17
Q

characteristics of hydrogen bonds

A

–> not chemical bonds
→ hydrogen is attracted to either nitrogen or oxygen
→ bonds between polar molecules; oxygen slight negative charge and hydrogen slight positive charge

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18
Q

oxidation reduction reaction

A

movement of electrons between molecules to exchange energy

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19
Q

oxidation

A

molecule loses electron: molecule loses energy

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20
Q

reduction

A

molecule gains electron; molecule receives energy

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21
Q

O.I.L R.I.G

A

oxidation is loss reduction is gain

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22
Q

chemical shorthand

A

shortened structure of a chemical

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23
Q

pH scale characteristics

A

→ water is neutral due to the equal amounts of OH and Hydrogen bonds
→ 7-14 typical pH for living beings

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24
Q

inorganic

A

missing carbon or hydrogen in the molecule

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25
Q

organic

A

any molecule that has hydrogen or carbon

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26
Q

versatility of bonding

A

→ can form many different forms of bonds and structures
→ can form functional groups: small molecule that binds to a bigger molecule and confers properties (brings its characteristics such as charge)

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27
Q

function groups

A

hydroxyl
carboxyl
amino
phosphate
methyl

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28
Q

hydroxyl

A

R - O - H

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29
Q

carboxyl

A

O
//
R - C
\
OH

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30
Q

amino

A

H
/
R - N
\
H

31
Q

phosphate

A

O
II
R - O - P - OH
I
OH

32
Q

methyl

A

H
I
R - C - H
I
H

33
Q

macromolecules

A

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

34
Q

which macromolecule is not a true macromolecule?

A

lipids

35
Q

cellulose

A

cell wall of plants; insoluble fiber and undigestable to humans

36
Q

starch

A

energy storage for plants

37
Q

glycogen

A

quick energy for plant

38
Q

main function of carbohydrates

A

energy and to help structure of the cell wall

39
Q

chitin

A

cell wall of fungi

40
Q

peptidoglycan

A

cell wall of bacteria

41
Q

common use of lipids

A

long term energy storage

42
Q

what macromolecule makes up the cell membrane?

A

lipids: fats and oils

43
Q

what kind of saccharide is agar?

A

polysaccharide

44
Q

saturated fats have what kind of bonds?

A

single covalent bonds

45
Q

unsaturated fats

A

one double bond; not full hydrogen chain

46
Q

trans fats

A

produced through partial hydrogenation

47
Q

what provides polarity in a phospholipid?

A

alcohol

48
Q

amphatic molecule

A

molecule is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
eg. hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails of phospholipids

49
Q

phospholipid shape

A

phosphate head which is connected by glycerol molecule which is then bound to 2 fatty acid chains

50
Q

ergosterol

A

sterol for fungi; cholesterol for the cell membrane and allows fluidity in the cell membrane

51
Q

phytosterol

A

cholesterol for plants

52
Q

purposes of proteins

A

enzymes, transportation of molecules

53
Q

what is considered the variable side chain?

A

r group of the amino acid; the r group differs for each amino acid

54
Q

peptide

A

short chains of amino acids

55
Q

polypeptide

A

long chain of amino acids; interchangeable with proteins

56
Q

primary structure - protein

A

sequence of amino acids which is made of peptide bonds; determined by the DNA sequence

57
Q

secondary structure - protein

A

hydrogen bonds which are formed between carboxyl and amino groups

58
Q

structures in the secondary structure

A

alpha helix (coil) and B pleated sheets (zig zag)

59
Q

tertiary structure - protein

A

structure that a polypeptide takes when it goes inside the cell

60
Q

quatenary structure

A

structure only forms when proteins have more than one polypeptide chain

61
Q

primary functions of nucleic acids

A

heritable information/passing of genetic information

62
Q

DNA bases include

A

AGTC

63
Q

RNA bases include

A

AGCU

64
Q

RNA structure

A

the sugar base has a hydroxyl in the 2’ and hydrogen in

65
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

covalent bonds that help form DNA from a condensation reaction

66
Q

DNA structure

A

hydroxyl in 2’

67
Q

double helix

A

two strands of nucleic acids that are bound to each other by bonds of attraction (hydrogen) and form a coil once bounded

68
Q

ATP

A

energy currency of the cell

69
Q

algae cell wall is made of

A

cellulose

70
Q

In double-stranded nucleic acids, uracil in RNA pairs up with what base?

A

adenine

71
Q

Between NADH and NAD+, which is the reduced version?

A

NADH

72
Q

Which polymer has glycosidic bonds?

A

polysaccharides

73
Q

True or False: unsaturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature

A

false

74
Q

Characteristics of alkaline solutions

A

have a pH higher than 7

Microbiology (12 decks)

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