Microbial Nutrition, Ecology and Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

What are essential elements?

A

elements which are required for life

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2
Q

Macronutrients

A

nutrient which is required in large amounts

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3
Q

Macronutrients include

A

phosphorus, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon; main essential elements

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4
Q

Micronutrients

A

nutrients required in small amounts

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5
Q

Micronutrients aid in…

A

enzyme function and metabolic reactions

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6
Q

Heterotrophs (source of carbon)

A

organisms that obtain organic molecules from other organisms; eating sugars, fats, amino acids, etc.

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7
Q

Autotrophs (source of carbon)

A

make their own organic molecules from inorganic sources

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8
Q

Inorganic sources include

A

water, carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Carbon fixation

A

turning inorganic carbon into organic carbon; autotrophs

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10
Q

Nitrogen is mostly found with what bond?

A

triple covalent bond

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11
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

turning nitrogen into NO2, NO3, NH4; nitrite, nitrate, ammonia

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12
Q

How do organisms take up phosphorus?

A

through the soil

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13
Q

Effect of zinc in organisms

A

blocks the glycoproteins on our cell surface to prevent the attachment of the glycoprotein spikes on viruses

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14
Q

Microbe consumption types

A

autotrophs and heterotrophs

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15
Q

Autotrophs

A

create their own energy using inorganic molecules

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16
Q

Autotrophs include…

A

photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs/lithoautotrophs

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17
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

obtain energy from sunlight and make their own organic molecules

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18
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight –> 6O2 + C6H12O6

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19
Q

Characteristics of photoautotrophs

A

create the basis for many food webs, process of photosynthesis is oxygenic, contain chlorophyll a, plants/algae/cyanobacteria undergo photosynthesis

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20
Q

Oxygenic

A

create oxygen gas

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21
Q

Chemoautotrophs/lithoautotrophs

A

make their own organic molecules by oxidizing minerals

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22
Q

Chemoautotrophs characteristics

A

eat rocks, most likely to first evolve, are methanogens

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23
Q

Heterotrophs

A

obtain their energy from other organisms

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24
Q

Many heterotrophs are…

A

chemoheterotrophs

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25
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

take chemical energy and convert it into ATP

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26
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36/38 ATP

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27
Q

36 ATP is the amount created for…

A

eukaryotic cells

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28
Q

38 ATP is the amount created for…

A

prokaryotic cells

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29
Q

Heterotrophs include…

A

chemoheterotrophs, saprobes, parasites

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30
Q

Saprobe

A

eat dead organisms/matter/waste to obtain their energy

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31
Q

How do saprobes consume other organisms?

A

release enzymes to hydrolyze molecules to become smaller to help transportation

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32
Q

Why are saprobes unable to engulf organisms?

A

their cell wall

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33
Q

Saprobes can become what kind of pathogens?

A

facultative and opportunistic

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34
Q

Facultative pathogens

A

does not want to be a parasite but if the perfect opportunity is there, the microbe will become parasitic

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35
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

if there is a possible chance to become parasitic the microbe will take it

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36
Q

True Parasite

A

parasites that can cause disease on a healthy individual

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37
Q

Ectoparasite

A

on surface/outside

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38
Q

Endoparasite

A

live inside of the body

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39
Q

Intracellular parasite

A

inside of a cell

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40
Q

Passive transport

A

uses molecules inherit energy to move it into and out of the cell

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41
Q

Passive transport examples

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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42
Q

How is energy of molecules measured?

A

temperature/heat

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43
Q

Diffusion

A

random movement from high to low concentration until reaching dynamic equilibrium in an open space

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44
Q

Brownian motion

A

random movement from high to low concentration until molecules are evenly dispersed

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45
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

evenly dispersed molecule/matter

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46
Q

Osmosis (living organisms)

A

movement of water across the membrane

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47
Q

Why is water ideal in osmosis?

A

water can move freely across the membrane because it is small and uncharged

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48
Q

Cell responses to osmotic varitiaons

A

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

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49
Q

Isotonic solution

A

concentration of the cell is equal to the concentration of the solute; solution concentration = cell concentration

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50
Q

Diffusion of water in isotonic solution

A

equal in both directions into and out of the cell

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51
Q

What organism is always in an isotonic solution?

A

parasites

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52
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

concentration of the cell is more than the concentration on the solute/outside of the cell

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53
Q

Diffusion of water in hypotonic solution

A

more water will enter the cell

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54
Q

Hypotonic solution effect on cells

A

cell wall: wall become turgid and the cell membrane expands (plants/algae, bacteria, fungi)
no cell wall: lysis; cell explodes (animals, protazoa)

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55
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

more solute in environment in comparison to the inside of the cell

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56
Q

Diffusion of water in hypotonic environment

A

more water will leave the cell causing the cell to plasmolyze

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57
Q

Plasmolysis

A

when the cell shrinks

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58
Q

Hypotonic adaptations

A

cell wall and protein pumps that pump out water using ATP; freshwater environments

59
Q

Hypertonic adaptations

A

cell absorbs salt making themselves isotonic to their environment

60
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

using proteins (selective channels in the membrane) to allow ions to enter or exit the cell membrane in response to the concentration gradient

61
Q

Which passive transport method has a maximum rate which molecules can move across the channels?

A

facilitated diffusion

62
Q

Active transport

A

uses energy (ATP) added from the molecule to help move it into and out of the cell against the concentration gradient

63
Q

Why does active transport require energy?

A

it is defying the concentration gradient going from low to high

64
Q

What macromolecule is required to help move molecules in active transport?

A

proteins

65
Q

In what instances does active transport occur?

A

when cell wants to bring in food from the outside to the inside

66
Q

Types of active transport

A

pump/ion carrier, group translocation, bulk transport

67
Q

Pump/ion carriers

A

pumping ions across the membrane moving them from low to high concentration/across the concentration gradient; can be into and out of cell

68
Q

Group translocation

A

coupling together the transport of a molecule with a chemical alteration of the molecule as it moves across the membrane

69
Q

Group translocation example in microbiology

A

when using ATP it releases ADP and PO4 which then attaches to glucose to create more ATP

70
Q

Bulk transport

A

bring/release many complex molecules at one time

71
Q

Endocytosis

A

brining molecules into cell

72
Q

Ectocytosis

A

taking molecules out of the cell

73
Q

How does bulk transport occur?

A

the plasma membrane covers molecules which creates a vacuole, this is then transported into the cytoplasm (during endocytosis)

74
Q

Phagocytosis

A

endocytosis of solids (more common with cells)

75
Q

Pinocytosis

A

endocytosis of liquids

76
Q

When referring to the temperature adaptations of a cell what is it focused on?

A

what temperature is good for the enzyme, what is their structure, and how do they function

77
Q

Cardinal range

A

the range of temperatures which can aid in killing or growing an organism

78
Q

3 cardinal ranges

A

minimum, optimal, maximum

79
Q

Cardinal range: below minimum effect on enzyme

A

become dormant and are too slow to reproduce

80
Q

Cardinal range: above maximum effect on enzyme

A

enzyme denatures and cells die

81
Q

Cardinal range: optimal

A

temperature at which they reproduce the fastest

82
Q

Psychrophile

A

an organisms that thrives at lower temperatures (15C is optimal but can exist at 0C)

83
Q

Mesophile

A

organism that grows well in human body and room temperature (20C-37C)

84
Q

Thermophile

A

heat loving microbes; likely first organisms on earth

85
Q

Toxic oxygen byproducts (most-least toxic)

A

single oxygen, superoxide ions, peroxide, hydroxyl, oxygen gas

86
Q

What are the 2 important enzymes aerobes have in order to process toxic oxygen byproducts?

A

superoxide dismutase, catalase

87
Q

what does superoxide dismutase do?

A

superoxide ion –> peroxide + oxygen

88
Q

what does catalase do?

A

hydrogen peroxide –> oxygen gas + water

89
Q

If superoxide dismutase and catalase are not present then the organism is no longer considered…

A

an aerobe

90
Q

Types of aerobes

A

obligate aerobe, faculatative aerobe, microaerophile

91
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

require atmospheric oxygen to survive

92
Q

Faculatative aerobe

A

organism which prefers atmospheric oxygen, but are capable of surviving oxygen poor environments (typically short periods of time)

93
Q

Microaerophile

A

organism that survives under atmospheric levels; just underneath soil/water

94
Q

Types of anaerobes

A

obligate and aerotolerant anaerobe

95
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

when exposed to oxygen organisms dies or enters dormant state

96
Q

Aerotolerant aerobe

A

tolerate oxygen but are not aerobic

97
Q

How do aerotolerant aerobes process toxic oxygen byproducts?

A

use other enzymes that are not catalase/superoxide dismutase to break down oxygen

98
Q

Symbiotic

A

interaction between two organisms which is required for at least one organism

99
Q

Symbiotic relationships include

A

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

100
Q

Mutualism

A

partners both benefit

101
Q

Example of mutualism

A

E. coli and human

102
Q

Commensalism

A

one partner benefits while the other is neutral

103
Q

Example of commensalism

A

bacteria that lives on skin

104
Q

Satellite colonies

A

a different species of microbes which grow around a bigger main colony (frequent with plates that contain antibiotics)

105
Q

Parasitism

A

one partner benefits while the other suffers a cost

106
Q

Example of parasitism

A

tapeworms, malaria

107
Q

Non-symbiotic relationships include

A

synergism, antagonism

108
Q

Synergism

A

microbes which benefit each other as they grow together; feeding into each others waste

109
Q

Example of synergism

A

nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria and bean plants

110
Q

Antagonism

A

microbes which fight/kill others in order to gain an advantage

111
Q

Example of antagonism

A

antibiotics made by bacteria/fungi in order to kill other bacteria due to competition

112
Q

Biofilm: Quorum sensing

A

microbes which are communication with other microbes of the same species about their concentration so when the concentration hits a minimum, they change their behavior which can form a biofilm or the population will become pathogenic

113
Q

How do microbes undergo quorum sensing?

A

microbes release inducer molecules at a slow rate and once they build up and are able to sense many inducer molecules it will induce a coordinator response

114
Q

How is quorum sensing preventable?

A

medication that destroy inducer molecules

115
Q

What are the two things microbial growth refers to?

A

population size or growth size of the organism

116
Q

What effects the growth size of the cell?

A

the amount of water in a cell

117
Q

Binary fission

A

cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells of equal size in half and DNA is replicated and split between the two cells

118
Q

What cells undergo binary fission?

A

most bacterial cells

119
Q

Exponential growth

A

population doubles in growth

120
Q

Doubling time

A

time span it takes for the population to double from one generation to the next

121
Q

What if the typical doubling time?

A

30-60 minutes

122
Q

Growth curve phases

A

lag, log, stationary, death

123
Q

Lag phase

A

population: no growing
cellular: starting to eat and replicating DNA to get ready to become optimal cell dividers

124
Q

Log phase

A

population: growing as fast as it can
cellular: cells are dividing as fast as they can

125
Q

Stationary phase

A

population: holding steady; death and birth of cells
cellular: cells are running out of food and cannot divide rapidly

126
Q

Death phase

A

population: more dying than reproducing
cellular: cells are dying

127
Q

What causes the death phase to occur?

A

accumulation of waste

128
Q

What can prolong the life span of a cell?

A

cooler temperatures/refrigeration

129
Q

Methods of analysing population growth

A

viable cell count, turbidity of liquid cultures, spectrophotometer, slide cytometer, flow cytometer

130
Q

Viable cell count

A

serial dilution of a microbe in a liquid medium

131
Q

Viable cell count characteristics

A

fairly accurate, inexpensive, assesment of living cells, wait for results

132
Q

Turbidity of liquid cultures

A

measure amount of light which passes through a medium which has been innoculates

133
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

machine which measures amount of light which passes through liquid culture which has been innocculated

134
Q

Turbidity of liquid cultures charateristics

A

inaccurate, inexpensive, mixture of living and dead cells

135
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

machine which measures the amount of light coming through a liquid meadium which has neen innocculated

136
Q

Spectrophotometer characteristics

A

inaccurate, fairly inexpensive, immediate results, mixture of living and dead cells

137
Q

Slide cytometer

A

slide with laser etched grid which makes it easier to count the number of cells with a microscope

138
Q

Slide cytometer characteristics

A

accurate, fairly inexpensive, mixture of living and dead cells, immediate results

139
Q

Flow cytometer

A

sends cells through a capillary tube that only allows one cell to pass through, then a laser shines through and measures the density of each cell

140
Q

Flow cytometer characteristics

A

highly accurate, expensive, can differentiate between living and dead cells

141
Q

When are flow cytometers used?

A

research

142
Q

Chemostat

A

keeps the cells in late exponential phase by adding food and removing waste, dead cells, and products

143
Q

What phase in the population growth curve is prized?

A

late exponential/log phase

144
Q
A