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Microbiology > Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do all cells have?

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, DNA/RNA, proteins, ribosomes

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1
Q

what is the size difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes are 10x larger than prokaryotes

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2
Q

structure of typical bacterial cell

A

most have a cell wall, cell coating surface
some have fimbriae, inclusion bodies, cytoskeleton, pili, flagella, form endospores

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3
Q

flagellar basal body purpose

A

used for movement for the cell or sticking onto surfaces

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4
Q

flagella purpose/movement

A

helps swim through a fluid in a boat propeller like motion

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5
Q

3 parts of the flagella

A

filament inserted by hook which connects it to the basal body which determines the spin of the cell

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6
Q

flagella is found in…

A

all spirilla, half bacilli, very few cocci

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7
Q

chemotaxis

A

bacterial movement based on the presence of a chemical

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8
Q

positive chemotaxis

A

movement towards a chemical signal (food)

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9
Q

negative chemotaxis

A

movement away from a chemical signal (toxin)

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10
Q

runs and tumbles

A

the technique bacteria use to find a food source
- run: movement in a random

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11
Q

run

A

straight movement in a random direction

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12
Q

tumbles

A

change in movement when moving away from a chemotaxis positive signal

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13
Q

runs and tumbles when going towards toxin

A

runs are shorter and tumbles are more frequent

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14
Q

phototaxis

A

movement in response to light

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15
Q

aerotaxis

A

movement in response to oxygen (dependent on whether microbe is aerobic or anaerobic)

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16
Q

magnetotaxis

A

movement in response to magnets

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17
Q

galvanotaxis

A

movement in response to an electric current

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18
Q

bacterial fimbriae

A

shorter and in larger quantities, made of various types of proteins, helps cell stick to surfaces

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19
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

use of pili to exchange a few genes between bacterial cells

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20
Q

S layer

A

single protein that is coated by the cell to help them stick onto surfaces

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21
Q

Glycocalyx layer

A

layer that helps adhere the bacteria onto tissues/surfaces

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22
Q

Capsule

A

thick exterior of the cell that helps adhere to the cell strongly

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23
Q

Biofilms

A

3D structure formed by a community of microbes clumped together

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24
Q

When do biofilms form?

A

moist/water rich and food rich environment

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25
Q

How are biofilms removed?

A

physical disruption/sonication

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26
Q

What structures create the cell envelope?

A

cell wall and cell membrane

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27
Q

What macromolecule is the cell wall made of?

A

carbohydrates

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28
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

makes up the cell wall of bacteria providing it structure and shape

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29
Q

Purpose of the cell membrane

A

regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell

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30
Q

Mycoplasmas cell exterior

A

no cell wall; have sterol in membrane for structure

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31
Q

Archaea cell membrane

makeup

A

membrane is made of hydrocarbons instead of fatty acids

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32
Q

Gram positive (2 components)

A

cell wall and cell membrane

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33
Q

Gram positive characteristics

A

thicker cell wall due to the peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, little to no periplasmic space

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34
Q

Teichoic acid

A

makes the cell wall flexible

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35
Q

Gram negative (3 components)

A

outer membrane, cell membrane, plasma membrane

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36
Q

Gram negative characteristics

A

thin cell wall (prone to lysis), endotoxins/LPS outer membrane, porin proteins

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37
Q

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

A

used for cell communication and recognizing another gram negative cell

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38
Q

Endotoxin

A

LPS in the cell wall of bacteria

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39
Q

Do mycoplasmas have a cell wall?

A

no

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40
Q

What organisms has circular DNA?

A

bacteria

41
Q

Where is the DNA located in prokaryotic cells?

A

floats around in the cytoplasm

42
Q

Nucloid

A

where DNA is found in bacterial cells

43
Q

Plasmid

A

circular piece of DNA that contains advantageous genes

44
Q

Where are plasmids found?

A

nucleoid region

45
Q

Bacterial ribosomes consist of…

A

rRNA and ribosomal proteins

46
Q

Subunits of bacterial ribosomes

A

ribosome (70S)
large subunit (50S)
small subunit (30S)

47
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

membrane bound (used for storage of sugars, gas, nutrients); aid prokaryotic cells when there are shifts in their environment

48
Q

Granules

A

metal/salt crystal structure which helps bacteria determine their orientation/direction based on the magnetic poles of the earth

49
Q

Micro-compartments

A

store enzymes

50
Q

Bacterial cytoskeleton

A

bacterial cells that contain actin filaments

51
Q

Endospores

A

spores which form in the interior of the bacterial cell in harsh conditions; it appears at a certain life stage

52
Q

Example of bacterial endospores (human use/pathogens)

A

bacillus subtilis (used to make soy sauce and other food), bacillus anthracis

53
Q

Why are endospores unique?

A

extremely hearty; able to survive in many variations of their environment

54
Q

State of endospores

A

vegetative state: nutrients present
endospore state: no nutrients present; covers itself in a protective coating before

55
Q

Diplococci

A

two cells

56
Q

Streptococci

A

spheres in chains

57
Q

Tetrads

A

groups of 4

58
Q

Sarcina

A

cube-like; typical to have pack of 8/64

59
Q

Staphylococci

A

form in grape-like clusters

60
Q

Bacillus

A

rod-shaped (anything that is not a perfect sphere

61
Q

Vibro

A

curved rod/comma shaped

62
Q

Spirillum

A

coil shaped

63
Q

Spirochete

A

coil shaped

64
Q

What is the difference between spirillum and spirochetes?

A

Spirilla have less coils (3-5) ; spirochetes bend and flex while spirillia have a corkscrew like motion

65
Q

Ribosomal RNA gene

A

16s rRNA

66
Q

Why are ribosomes used for taxonomy?

A

they are a highly conserved

67
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

photosynthetic bacteria

68
Q

Proteobacteria

A

medically important, mostly gram negative, categorized by alpha, gamma, beta…

69
Q

Firmicutes

A

medically important, mostly gram negative

70
Q

Actinobacteria

A

medically important (include some antibiotics)

71
Q

Chlamydae and Ricketssia

A

obligate intracellular parasite (must be inside of the cell to survive)

72
Q

Spirochetes

A

affect human behavior

73
Q

Bacteriodetes

A

happy intestinal bacteria

74
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites

A

parasites that must be inside of a cell to grow and divide

75
Q

What is the primary source of energy for cyanobacteria?

A

sunglight

76
Q

Characteristics of cyanobacteria

A

has existed for 3.5 billion years, have thylakoids, no chloroplasts or organelles, create oxygen, fix nitrogen

77
Q

Fix nitrogen

A

takes nitrogen gas and converts it to NO3 NO2 or NH4

78
Q

What is the toxic byproduct cyanobacteria creates?

A

oxygen

79
Q

Purple sulfur bacteria

A

contain bacteriochlorophyll, form granules, use sunlight for energy and use the sulfur to convert to chemical energy

80
Q

What do mycobacterium use for movement?

A

cytoplasm and plasma membrane

81
Q

Halophiles

A

prokaryotic salt loving archaic cells

82
Q

Thermofiles

A

heat loving (180F-212F)

83
Q

Methanogens

A

synthesize methane; ruminants contain methanogens and they are also responsible for melting permafrost

84
Q

Periplasmic flagella

A

“internal flagella”; flagella found in the periplasmic space (in spirochetes)

85
Q

Periplasmic

A

space between cell membrane and cell wall

86
Q

Porin proteins

A

channels which transport molecules

87
Q

True or False: Mycobacteria lack a cell wall

A

false

88
Q

True or False: biofilms involve bacteria only

A

false

89
Q

What term is not used to describe bacterial cell shapes

A

Tetrad

90
Q

Bacterial endospores are not produced by…

A

staphylococcus

91
Q

Which cell structure is an important component in modern genetic engineering techniques?

A

plasmids

92
Q

A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is

A

mycobacterium

93
Q

If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is the

A

cell wall

93
Q

Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called

A

periplasmic flagella

94
Q

Which of the three domains includes organisms that would be most likely to survive the environmental conditions that existed on Earth nearly 4 billion years ago?

A

archaea

94
Q

The bacterial chromosome is part of the

A

nucleoid

94
Q

Bacterial flagella are made primarily of

A

flagellin

95
Q

Endospores are…

A

resistant to destruction by radiation, living structures, resistant to heat and chemical destruction, metabolically inactive

96
Q

The most immediate result of destruction of a cell’s ribosomes

A

protein synthesis would stop

97
Q

True or False: Endospores growing inside the human body can cause disease.

A

false

98
Q

True or False: Mycoplasmas require entrance into a host cell in order to replicate

A

false

Microbiology (16 decks)

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