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Microbiology > Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes > Flashcards

Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbes with least level of resistance

A

vegetative bacterial; most likely to be killed

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2
Q

Microbes with moderate levels of resistance

A

protozoan cyst and fungal spores

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3
Q

Microbes with high levels of resistance

A

bacterial endospores and prions

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4
Q

Sterilization

A

any process that destroys all life and inactivates all viruses and prions

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5
Q

Sterile

A

everything dead

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6
Q

Inactivated

A

mostly/partly sterile

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7
Q

-icide

A

to kill (fungicide)

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8
Q

-statics

A

prevent growth; killing is not the goal (bacteriostatics, fungistatic)

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9
Q

Disinfectant

A

process of destroying vegetative pathogens/endospores and remove toxic products of organisms

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10
Q

Sanitization

A

removes microorganisms and debris; physical removal

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11
Q

Sepsis

A

state of having microbes present (in body tissues)

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12
Q

Asepsis

A

practice that prevents the entry of a microbe into tissue, body, areas

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13
Q

Microbial death

A

whether or not they are capable of undergoing cell division in their optimal conditions

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14
Q

How to decide method to kill microbe

A

number of organisms, nature of the organism, environmental conditions, concentration of antimicrobial agent, mode of action of the antimicrobial agent, presence of interfering organic matter or solvents things

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15
Q

Number of organisms

A

more = thicker = longer time to destroy microbes

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16
Q

Nature of organisms

A

microbes ability to survive

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17
Q

Environmental conditions

A

temperature and pH in which you’re trying to kill the microorganisms can affect the activity of the disinfectant

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18
Q

Concentration of antimicrobial agent

A

higher the concentration the better the antimicrobial agent is (except alcohol)

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19
Q

Mode of action of the antimicrobial agent

A

how that antimicrobial agent attacks the microbe and knowing whether or not the microbe actually contains the structure that’s being attacked

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20
Q

Presence of interfering organic matter or solvents things

A

can inhibit the action of antimicrobial agents

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21
Q

Mode of action

A

against cell wall, surfactants, cellular synthesis, protein structure and function

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22
Q

Action against bacterial cell wall

A

target the cell wall; compromised cell wall can allow attack of cell membrane

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23
Q

Action of surfactants

A

disrupts the structural integrity of phospholipid membrane causing release of important molecules and toxins to come into cell

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24
Q

Action of targeting cellular synthesis

A

targeting anything that can affect the ability for a microbe to reproduce and survive

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25
Q

Action of targeting protein structure and function

A

destroys function of protein; cell wont be able to release waste, bring in nutrients, etc.

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26
Q

Moist heat

A

heat that includes the use of steam (60-135C)

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27
Q

Mode of action of moist heat

A

coagulates and denatures protein

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28
Q

How to have steam @ temps above 100C?

A

add pressure

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29
Q

Eg. of moist heat

A

autoclave, pasteurization (60-70C @ short periods), fasteurization, boiling water

30
Q

Dry heat

A

removes water needed for metabolism, denatures, incinerates (160C+)

31
Q

Eg. of dry heat

A

flame, oven

32
Q

Moist v dry heat

A

moist heat is more effective at same temps (coagulation and denaturing of proteins)

33
Q

Thermal death point

A

lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in 10 minutes

34
Q

Lyophilization

A

freeze-drying microbes/chemicals

35
Q

Lyophilized chemical

A

rehydrating freeze-dried chemicals

36
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

transmitting enough energy molecule is able to eject out of orbital and create chemical changes
(gamma rays and x-ray)

37
Q

Effect of ionizing radiation

A

break covalent bonds in DNA leading to mutations

38
Q

Non-ionizing radiation

A

causes electron to enter slightly higher energy state (not creating ions)

39
Q

Effect of non-ionizing

A

lead to the formation of abnormal bonds

40
Q

Ionizing radiation mutations

A

large scale

41
Q

Non-ionizing radiation mutations

A

point mutations

42
Q

Mechanical removal of microbes

A

using filters to remove microbes from a fluid (liquid/air/water)

43
Q

Chemical agents

A

keep microbes from growing and surviving (eg. disinfectants, antiseptics, sterilizers, preservatives)

44
Q

Aqueous solution

A

pure water or water-based liquid chemical agent

45
Q

Tincture

A

antimicrobial agent that is alcohol or water alcohol-based dilution

46
Q

Ideal antimicrobial chemical agents

A

glutaraldehyde, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide

47
Q

common antimicrobial chemical halogens

A

chlorine, iodine

48
Q

Mode of action for halogens

A

break disulfide bonds

49
Q

Disulfide bonds

A

bonds between two sulfur atoms that are found in proteins between two cysteine amino acids

50
Q

Amino acids that contain sulfur

A

methionine, cysteines

51
Q

What kind of bond is a disulfide bond?

A

covalent; causes permanent denaturation

52
Q

Chlorine

A

OCl-

53
Q

Hypochlorite (most common chlorine)

A

OCl

54
Q

Iodine

A

free iodine and iodophors

55
Q

Iodophors

A

iodine complexed with neutral polymers

56
Q

What do large molecules in iodophors allow?

A

slow release of the iodine into solution; allow for function and lasting effects

57
Q

Phenol

A

six carbon ring structure with double bonds in the ring structure with an attached hydroxide functional group

58
Q

Mode of action phenol

A

disrupts cell walls and it disrupts cell membranes and also precipitates proteins

59
Q

Chlorhexidine chlorexodyne

A

combination of chlorine and two phenolic rings

60
Q

Ethanol

A

two carbons with a hydroxide

61
Q

Isopropanol

A

three carbon alcohol with the hydroxide alcohol; more effective

62
Q

Mode of action for alcohols

A

concentrations 50 or higher dissolve membrane lipids and denature proteins by coagulation

63
Q

Why does 80% alcohol not coagulate?

A

not enough water

64
Q

What does alcohol do to the cell?

A

dehydrates the cell, does not kill

65
Q

Oxidizing agents

A

hydrogen peroxide and ozone

66
Q

Cationic detergents include

A

quaternary ammonium/quats

67
Q

Quats (cationic)

A

attracted to the phospholipids and be very effective at causing leaks in the cell membrane

68
Q

Mode of action metallic elements

A

bind to functional groups of proteins and inactivate them bringing metabolism

69
Q

Aldehydes

A

organic substance that contains a c-h-o functional group or an aldehyde functional group

70
Q

Eg. aldehydes

A

glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde

71
Q

Ethylene oxide

A

sterilizer when binds to DNA molecules and proteins

72
Q

Chlorine dioxide

A

strong alkylating agent reacting with functional groups in DNA and protein

Microbiology (16 decks)

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