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Microbiology > Microbial Genes > Flashcards

Microbial Genes Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetics

A

how organisms inherit information from their parents

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2
Q

Genome

A

sum of all the genetic material for the cell

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3
Q

What does the genome include?

A

chromosomes, plasmids (bacteria and fungi cells), DNA in organelle (eukaryotes; mitochondria and chloroplasts), chromosome DNA (this is always included)

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4
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic DNA and eukaryotic DNA?

A

there is more DNA in eukaryotes and the DNA is much longer

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4
Q

When the cell divides the DNA become shorter. How does the cell make sure that essential DNA is kept whenever DNA is cut off?

A

telomeres are added to the ends of the DNA

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4
Q

How do the cells combat the difficulties of replication DNA?

A

eukaryotic genes have more than one origin of replication to increase the speed

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4
Q

Why is eukaryotic DNA hard to replicate?

A

e longer length of the DNA, it takes longer to synthesize/copy and the DNA is linear

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4
Q

Telomeres

A

repetitive sequences that have no significance to the organisms and wont affect it that are cut off during replication

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4
Q

Telomerase

A

enzyme which makes the telomeres longer

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4
Q

How are telomeres affected by age of the cell?

A

the older the cell the shorter the telomeres

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4
Q

When does gene expression occur in a cell?

A

all the time

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4
Q

What two process does gene expression undergo?

A

transcription and translation

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4
Q

Transcription

A

taking information of the DNA and turning it into RNA

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4
Q

What is copied during transcription?

A

copies a section of one strand

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4
Q

Translation

A

takes the information of mRNA and translates it into a different language (amino acids/proteins)

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4
Q

What is used during translation to translate the information of mRNA?

A

genetic code

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4
Q

What does the genetic code in translation convert the mRNA into?

A

amino acids

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4
Q

Genetic code

A

triplet code so that each nucleotide is read in groups of three that translates to a single amino acid

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4
Q

Genetic code is…

A

redundant, universal, triple code

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4
Q

Codon

A

group of three nucleotides

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4
Q

What macromolecule are nucleotides turned into?

A

proteins

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4
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

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4
Q

First amino acid in eukaryotes

A

Met

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4
Q

First amino acid in prokaryotes

A

fMet

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4
Q

Stop codons

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

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4
Q

mRNA

A

carries information to be translated to synthesize proteins

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5
Q

tRNA

A

takes individual amino acids and brings it into the ribosome to create proteins

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6
Q

RNA: secondary structure

A

clover leaf structure

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7
Q

Clover leaf structure

A

has amino acid site on one and and anticodon site on another

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8
Q

What is the clover leaf structure formed by?

A

hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

RNA: tertiary structure

A

backwards 7

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8
Q

Anticodon

A

complementary sequence of the codon

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9
Q

Backwards 7

A

have different anticodon on the bottom compared to the secondary structure

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10
Q

What does rRNA aid in?

A

ribosomal structure

11
Q

Ribozyme

A

single enzyme molecule made of rRNA

12
Q

Function of ribozymes

A

forms peptide bonds to bind and create proteins

13
Q

Ribosome

A

enzyme complex that is large in size and is where protein synthesis occurs

14
Q

How does tRNA and rRNA differ from mRNA?

A

tRNA and rRNA are similar to tools which can be used to aid in protein production while mRNA translates into synthesizing proteins

15
Q

Molecules present in transcription

A

single DNA strand, RNA, RNA nucleotide, RNA polymerase

16
Q

How many strands are required in transcription?

A

one stand: template strand

17
Q

Template strand

A

strand which is used in transcription

18
Q

Coding strand

A

contains the genetic code for the mRNA strand

19
Q

Which strand is ignored in transcription?

A

coding strand

20
Q

Transcription: RNA nucleotide use

A

there to create the RNA strand

21
Q

Transcription: RNA polymerase use

A

enzyme used in transcription

22
Q

Transcription: steps

A

initiation, elongation, termination

23
Q

Transcription: initiation

A

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region

24
Q

Promoter region

A

where transcription starts; long sequence with many nucleotides that is not transcribed

25
Q

Transcription: Elongation

A

nucleotides are added on to complement the template strand continuously until reaching termination

26
Q

Transcription: Termination

A

RNA polymerase that hits a sequence which is 20 nucleotides long (termination sequence); this contains a DNA sequence

27
Q

Transcription product

A

RNA/transcript

28
Q

Nascent RNA

A

newly made RNA

29
Q

Transcript

A

product

30
Q

mRNA destined for transcription

A

has a sense strand

31
Q

Sense strand

A

contains the information to create a protein

32
Q

pre-RNA

A

nascent mRNA before it leaves the nucleus

33
Q

What kind of cells are pre-RNA present in?

A

eukaryotic cells

34
Q

What must RNA have before it leaves the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. 5’ cap added; molecule added to the beginning
  2. poly-A tail added at the 3’ end (many adenines added)
  3. remove introns: in-between important sequences (keep exons)
35
Q

When does the RNA get to leave the nucleus to get translated?

A

mature mRNA

36
Q

Molecules present in translation

A

mRNA, tRNA, ribosome

37
Q

Charged tRNA

A

when the tRNA is carrying a amino acid

37
Q

Uncharged tRNA

A

when the tRNA drops of amino acid and is not actively carrying an amino acid

38
Q

What is the product of translation?

A

protein

39
Q

Translation: steps

A

initiation, elongation, termination, protein folding, protein processing

40
Q

When does protein folding occur?

A

during elongation

41
Q

Translation: initiation

A

small ribosomal subunits bind to the the site, initiator tRNA binds, and then the large subunit binds

42
Q

Translation: prokaryotic initiation

A

30S ribosomal subunit binds, initiator tRNA with fMET, 50S large subunit binds

43
Q

Where does the 30S ribosomal subunit binds in prokaryotes?

A

shine-delgarno sequence

44
Q

Translation: eukaryotic initiation

A

40S ribosomal subunit binds to the 5’ cap, initiaor tRNA with Met binds, 60S large subunit binds

45
Q

Translation: tRNA binding site

A

A, P, E site

46
Q

A site

A

amino site

47
Q

P site

A

peptide site

48
Q

E site

A

exit site: where tRNA leaves the ribosome

49
Q

Translation: before the start of elongation what occupies the tRNA binding sites?

A

P is occupies, A+E are empty

50
Q

Translation: elongation

A

next tRNA enters A site, ribozyme takes the peptide from the tRNA in the P site and cuts the covalent bond to form a peptide bond with the amino acid in the A site

51
Q

Translation: translocation

A

mRNA is being pulled through the ribosomes 3 nucleotides down

52
Q

Translation: termination

A

stop codon goes to the A site the ribosome stalls, the releasing factor will try and then attaches to the stop codon to break the bond between tRNA in the A site and the peptide chain is released

53
Q

What happens to the molecules in translation after termination?

A

they are released and float around much like the peptide chain which is released

54
Q

Protein folding

A

occurs during elongation and continues after being synthesized after termination

55
Q

Protein processing

A

adding cofactors, adding function groups, cutting off different sections of the protein

56
Q

mRNA modification in eukaryotic transcription/translation

A

5’ cap, poly AAA tail, introns spliced up

57
Q

Prokaryote: location/timing of transcription/translation

A
  • occurs in the cytoplasm
  • transcription and translation are able to occur at the same time
58
Q

Eukaryote: location/timing of transcription/translation

A
  • transcription occurs in the nucleus, translation occurs in the cytoplasm/rough ER
  • occurs at different times

Microbiology (12 decks)

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