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Microbiology > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

to change

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

breaking things down to release energy (create ATP)

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3
Q

Anabolism

A

creating molecules (requires energy)

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4
Q

What macromolecule are enzymes typically?

A

proteins

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5
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy

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6
Q

activation energy

A

energy required to get any reaction to occur

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7
Q

How do enzymes aid the reaction?

A

distorts the molecule

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8
Q

Reactant

A

input

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9
Q

Product

A

output

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10
Q

Active site

A

location on the enzyme where the substrate stimulation a reaction

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11
Q

Simple enzyme

A

amino acid chain formed into a protein

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12
Q

Conjugated enzyme

A

have a protein and non-protein component

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13
Q

Apeoenzyme

A

protein component in conjugated enzymes

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14
Q

Cofactor

A

non-protein component in conjugated enzymes

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15
Q

Types of cofactors

A

metal ion and organic molecule

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16
Q

Coenzyme

A

small organic molecules (eg. vitamins) that binds to the apeoenzyme and is a transient carrier from one molecule to another

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17
Q

Metal ion

A

charged atom that enters the active site and pull the substrate in acting as a magnet

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18
Q

Holoenzyme

A

apeoenzyme and coenzyme are together

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19
Q

What are the two enzyme-substrate interactions?

A

lock and key fit & induced fit

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20
Q

Induced fit

A

distort bonds of the substrate as it approaches the enzyme to connect better

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21
Q

Constitutive enzyme

A

enzymes which are made at a constant rate during the whole life of a cell

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22
Q

Where are constitutive enzymes released?

A

externally/outside of the cell

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23
Q

Regulated enzymes

A

enzymes which are only made when the cell needs it

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24
Q

Where are regulated enzymes released?

A

internally/inside of the cell

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25
Q

Exoenzymes

A

enzymes which function externally/outside of the cell

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26
Q

What happens when exoenzymes are still inside the cell?

A

inactive

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27
Q

Andoenzymes

A

enzymes which are made inside and function internally/inside of the cell

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28
Q

Labile

A

heat sensitive

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29
Q

How does heat effect enzymes?

A

the hydrogen bonds break due to heat which causes them to denature

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30
Q

What are the two types of metabolic pathways?

A

Hydrolysis and condensation reaction

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31
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

breaking covalent bonds in digestion in order to obtain the monomers; must add water for this reaction to occur

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32
Q

Condensation reaction

A

form covalent bonds and polymers; produce water as a byproduct

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33
Q

Rate-limiting step

A

enzyme that is the slowest in the pathway which determines the speed of the entire pathway; enzyme used to change the rate of the pathway

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34
Q

What are the three multienzyme systems?

A

linear, cyclic, branched

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35
Q

Linear

A

no output or inputs

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36
Q

Cyclic

A

input is reformed to start the reaction again

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37
Q

Branched

A

one input can create/form two different pathways

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38
Q

How do cells regulate enzyme activity?

A

simple competitive inhibitor, allosteric competitive inhibitor, non-competitive inhibitor

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39
Q

Simple competitive inhibitor

A

a different molecule that is similar in structure to the substrate can fit and bind to the active site blocking any reaction from occurring

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40
Q

Example of simple competitive inhibitor

A

antibiotics

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41
Q

Allosteric competitive inhibition

A

molecule which binds to the allosteric site which changes the shape of enzyme/active site making the substrate unable to bind

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42
Q

Confirmational shape

A

structural change enzyme takes when inhibitor binds to allosteric site

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43
Q

Allosteric site

A

secondary site in enzyme

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44
Q

Example of allosteric competitive inhibition

A

when cell regulates its own enzymes

45
Q

Non-competitive inhibitor

A

substrate able to bind at the same time as the inhibitor; substrate and inhibitor able to bind separately

46
Q

In non-competitive what happens when only the inhibitor is present?

A

no reaction occurs unless only the substrate occupies the enzyme

47
Q

What is the main difference between non-competitive and competitive inhibitors?

A

in non substrate and inhibitor can bind at the same time

48
Q

How are enzymes also regulated/reduced that does not include inhibitors?

A

repressed/induced gene expression

49
Q

Repressed gene expression

A

stop/reduce

50
Q

Induced gene expression

A

create

51
Q

What is the difference between genetic control of enzymes to inhibitors?

A

takes long and is more permanent

52
Q

Dehydrogenation reaction

A

loss of electrons/energy

53
Q

OIL RIG

A

oxidation is loss of energy/electrons, reduction is gain of energy/electrons

54
Q

Electron carriers

A

move energy from one part of the cell to another (they are often coenzymes)

55
Q

What vitamin aids in effectively transporting electrons within the cell at a faster rate?

A

vitamin B

56
Q

Oxidized: NAD+ –> NADH

A

NAD+

57
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration reaction

A

FAD –> FADH2 (typically carries less energy)

58
Q

What vitamin helps create NAD+?

A

vitamin D

59
Q

Photosynthesis energy reaction

A

NADP+ –> NADH

60
Q

What is added/removed to change the energy of ATP?

A

phosphate

61
Q

ATP formation

A

phosphate is removed by breaking covalent bond from a phosphorylated molecule to create ATP

62
Q

When is ATP created from taking a phosphate from another molecule?

A

molecule with the phosphate must have more energy than ATP making it very uncommon

63
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

uses energy from oxidizing sugar/fat to create a redox series (ATP synthase) to create a covalent bond from scratch (ADP and phosphate) to create ATP

64
Q

Where does oxidation phosphorylation occur?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

65
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration pathway

A

glycolysis > TCA cycle > respiratory chain

66
Q

TCA cycle either forms…

A

2 ATP and lactic acid or 2 ATP and CO2

67
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration electron acceptor

A

oxygen/O2

68
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration products

A

ATP, CO2, H2O

69
Q

How much ATP does aerobic cellular respiration produce?

A

36/38

70
Q

Where does electron transport and respiratory chain occur in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

cristae/matrix or mitochondria

71
Q

Anaerobic metabolism includes both…

A

fermentation, respiration

72
Q

Fermentation pathway

A

glycolysis > specialized fermentation

73
Q

Fermentation electron acceptor

A

organic molecules (pyruvic acid)

74
Q

Fermentation products

A

ATP, CO2, alcohol ethanol or lactic acid

75
Q

How much ATP does fermentation produce?

A

2

76
Q

Respiration pathway

A

glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport/respiratory chain

77
Q

Respiration electron acceptor

A

inorganic salts

78
Q

Respiration products

A

ATP, CO2, vary depending on type of salt

79
Q

How much ATP does respiration produce?

A

20-25

80
Q

True or False: obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, faculatative aerobes all have a respiratory chain

A

true

81
Q

Glycolysis

A

process of breaking down glucose into two equal molecules

82
Q

What are the two molecules glucose (6-carbon molecules) breaks into?

A

3-carbon molecule pyruvic acid (C3H4O3)

83
Q

How is glucose transported in glycolysis?

A

active transport (pumped into cell)

84
Q

How does glucose become phosphorylated?

A

ATP transfers phosphate over to the glucose

85
Q

Glycolysis inputs

A

glucose and 2 ATP

86
Q

Pyruvic acid

A

C3H4O3 (3-carbon molecule)

87
Q

During glycolysis where do intermediate molecules reside?

A

inside of the cell; unable to escape outside of the cell

88
Q

What method is used in order to transport glucose?

A

active transport

89
Q

How much ATP is used to start glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

90
Q

Glycolysis inputs:

A

glucose, 2 ATP

91
Q

Glycolysis outputs

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acid

92
Q

What occurs during glycolysis?

A

activate glucose w/2 ATP > intermediate molecules oxidized to form NAD+ into NADH and also reduced > ATP formed from substrate level phosphorylation

93
Q

Preparatory step

A

step which turns pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA

94
Q

Why do prokaryotic cells create more ATP?

A

eukaryotic cells have to use ATP to pump pyruvic acid into the mitochondria from the cytoplasm during the preparatory step while prokaryotes preform all steps in the cytoplasm

95
Q

Preparatory step input

A

pyruvic acid

96
Q

Preparatory step output

A

2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH (2 per glucose)

97
Q

TCA cycle

A

acetyl group binds to oxaloacetic acid (OAA) to create citric acid which is then oxidized

98
Q

TCA cycle input

A

2 Acetyl CoA

99
Q

TCA cycle output

A

6 NADH, 2FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP; this is amount for 2 cycles for each acetyl CoA

100
Q

TCA cycle either forms…

A

2 ATP and lactic acid or 2 ATP and CO2

101
Q

When is glucose fully oxidized?

A

end of the TCA cycle

102
Q

Respiratory chain

A

create a source of stored energy

103
Q

In what process do cells use all the energy created?

A

respiratory chain; used to form 34 ATP

104
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur in prokaryotes?

A

cell membrane

105
Q

Respiratory chain input

A

10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 O2

106
Q

Respiratory chain output

A

34 ATP, 6 H2O

107
Q

Proton motive force

A

generated electron transport chain as it moves the electrons down

108
Q
A

Microbiology (12 decks)

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