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EXCI 253 (anatomy) > Tissues (lecture 2) > Flashcards

Tissues (lecture 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of tissues and how they form organs called?

A

Histology

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2
Q

The cells that form each tissue have a similar: (3)

A

structure, function and embryonic (germ) origin

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3
Q

What are the states that tissues can be (4)?

A

Solid (bone), semi-solid (fat), soft (muscles, ligaments), or liquid (blood)

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4
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A
  1. Epithelial (Epithelium)
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
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5
Q

Where are most body tissues derived from?

A

The embryonic connective tissue Mesenchyme

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6
Q

What are the 3 “Embryonic” or “Germ” layers?

A
  1. Endoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Ectoderm
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7
Q

def: Endoderm

A

Forms the lining of the body and digestive tract

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8
Q

def: Mesoderm

A

Forms “everything else” (muscles, ligaments, cartilage, bone, blood, etc.)

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9
Q

def: Ectoderm

A

Outer covering of the body and nervous tissue

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10
Q

def: Tissue

A

A group of cell with a common purpose: Homeostasis

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11
Q

Where is Epithelial tissue derived from?

A

All 3 germ layers, but mainly Endoderm

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12
Q

What are the roles of Epithelial tissue?

A
  • Protection (Epidermis of skin)
  • Filtration (Membranes for nutrient absorption)
  • Secretion (Release mucous, hormones, enzymes)
  • Excretion (Waste products, i.e., CO2, urine)
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13
Q

What are the 2 main types of epithelium (by location)

A
  1. Surface Epithelium: Lining and covering
  2. Glandular Epithelium: Secretory tissue in glands
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Epithelium? (4)

A
  • Cellularity: Closely packed cells + hardly any extracellular material (Matrix)
  • Avascular (no blood supply of its own) + close to tissues with blood supply to be able to survive/function
  • High ability to divide for repair/renewal
  • Rarely covered by another tissue: has a “free” surface
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15
Q

def: Basement Membrane

A

Non-cellular layer of materials which holds the epithelia to the underlying connective tissue (+ gives strength to epithelium)

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16
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the Epithelium?

A

Apical (free) Surface: face the body cavity, lumen, duct, etc.
Basal Surface: deepest layer (attached to the Basement Membrane)

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17
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Basement Membrane?

A
  1. Basal Lamina
    - Closer to the actual epithelial cells
    - Contains proteins laminin (glue attaching epithelial cells to the membrane) and collagen (strength)
  2. Reticular Lamina
    - Closer to underlying connective tissue
    - Contains collagen (produced by connective tissue cells: fibroblasts)
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18
Q

What are the shapes of epithelial cells?

A

Squamous: flat/thin
Cuboidal: Square
Columnar: Rectangular
Transitional: Change shape (squamous/cuboidal cells that form lining of hollow organs)

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19
Q

What are the types of epithelium based on number of layers?

A

Simple Epithelium: 1 row of cells
Stratified Epithelium: multiple rows, name based on shape of Apical layer
Pseudostratified Epithelium: 1 row with diff overlapping sizes

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20
Q

What are the general classifications of epithelia based on shape and number of layers?

A

Simple: Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Stratified: Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

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21
Q

Lining Epithelium: What is the function of Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Allow rapid passage of substances through them

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22
Q

Lining Epithelium: What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

A

Secretion + Absorption

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23
Q

Lining Epithelium: What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelium?

A

Secretion + Absorption

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24
Q

Lining Epithelium: What are the 2 types of Simple Columnar Epithelium?

A

Ciliated: Hair-like projections for filtration
Non-ciliated: can have microvilli (fixed) to increase surface area

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25
Q

Lining Epithelium: Describe Stratified Squamous Epithelium.

A
  • Protective layer
  • Cells replace those lost to friction
    a) Apical cells further from blood: die
    b) Replaced by cells at basal layer
  • Keratinized SSE: contain protein Keratin (tough + water resistant (epidermis))
  • Non-keratinized SSE: on wet surfaces subject to wear/tear
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26
Q

Lining Epithelium: Describe Stratified Transitional Epithelium.

A
  • Appearance is variable
  • Mostly cuboidal/columnar w some squamous
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27
Q

What is an epithelial membrane comprised of and where is it found?

A
  • Found throughout body
  • Comprised of a layer of epithelium and a layer of connective tissue
28
Q

What are the 2 types of Epithelial Membranes?

A
  1. Mucous Membranes
  2. Serous Membranes
29
Q

Explain Mucous Membranes

A
  • Secrete MUCOUS to keep linings moist
  • Found in hollow organs/tracts
  • Connective tissue: Lamina Propria
30
Q

Explain Serous Membranes

A
  • Line celomic (hollow) body cavities (mostly abdominopelvic cavity) + found in thoracic cavity
  • Cover many viscera
  • Secretes fluid for lubrication
  • Visceral layer: stuck to organ wall (inner layer)
  • Parietal layer: outer layer
  • In btwn layers: serious fluid in cavity
31
Q

What is the function of Glandular Epithelium?

A

Secretion

32
Q

Glandular Epithelium: from where do glands develop?

A

Specialized epithelium

33
Q

Glandular Epithelium: What is an Exocrine Gland?

A

If a gland (and its duct) retains a connection with surface epithelium, it will secrete externally (onto a surface)

34
Q

Glandular Epithelium: What is an Endocrine Gland?

A
  • If a gland’s ducts lose contact with surface epithelium (during development), they will secrete internally directly into the blood
  • “ductless glands”
  • Always secrete hormones
35
Q

Describe Connective Tissue.

A
  • Most abundant tissue
  • Supports + strengthens other tissues
  • Protect + insulates internal organs
  • Separates structures
  • Blood: transport system
  • Adipose tissue: energy reserve storage
  • Highly vascular (except cartilage: avascular)
  • Main source of immune responses
36
Q

How does Connective Tissue contrast with Epithelial?

A

Contains large amts of extracellular material (in which are found single cells/groups of cells)

37
Q

Describe the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.

A
  • Consists of protein fibers + ground susbtance
  • Structure determines tissue’s quality
38
Q

What are the states of ground substance?

A

Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, calcified
(different concentrations of elastin)

39
Q

What is the function of ground substance?

A

Support cells, bind them together, store water, provide a medium of exchange btwn blood/cells

40
Q

Name the 2 most common cells associated w/ connective tissue.

A

Fibroblasts and Macrophages (Phagocytes)

41
Q

Describe Fibroblasts.

A
  • Large, flat cells w/ branching processes
  • Form fiber for strength + structure (Mature cells: fibrocytes)
  • Found in all general connective tissue, most numerous
42
Q

Describe Macrophages.

A
  • Type of phagocyte
  • Move through the matrix + engulf waste products or dead cells
  • Can be fixed or wandering
43
Q

What are the 3 types of protein fibers found in the extracellular matrix (in ground substance) in connective tissue?

A
  1. Collagenous (White)
  2. Elastic (Yellow)
  3. Reticular (Neutral)
44
Q

Connective Tissue: Describe Collagenous Fiber.

A
  • Made from protein: Collagen
  • Parallel bundles
  • Strong (resist stretching/pulling)
  • Non-elastic, but not stiff
  • Supportive function
  • Most abundant protein in body (25%)
45
Q

Connective Tissue: Describe Elastic Fiber.

A
  • Long cylindrical ribbon structure
  • Made from protein: Elastin
  • Surrounded by glycoprotein: Fibrillin (adds strength and stability)
  • Strong but elastic (can stretch 150% and return to original)
  • Abundant in skin, arterial walls, lung tissue, etc
  • Found in bone
46
Q

Connective Tissue: Describe Reticular Fiber.

A
  • “immature collagen”
  • Protein: reticulin
  • fine bundles “cobweb”
  • Non-elastic
  • Form framework of organs/glands to which epithelial cells attach
  • Support in walls of blood vessels
  • Help form basement membrane
  • Binds to smooth muscle in organs
47
Q

Name the 3 types of Loose Connective Tissue

A
  1. Areolar CT
  2. Adipose tissue
  3. Reticular CT
48
Q

Loose CT: Describe Areolar CT.

A
  • Connects skin to underlying tissues, surrounds blood vessels, nerves, organs
  • Provides strength, elasticity, support
49
Q

Loose CT: Describe Adipose Tissue.

A
  • Specialized function
  • Found where fat is stored
  • Protective, Insulation (reduce heat loss)
  • Essential + non-essential fats
50
Q

Loose CT: Describe Reticular CT

A
  • Supporting framework of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, blood vessels and muscles
51
Q

What does Dense CT have more of compared to Loose CT?

A

Collagen!!

52
Q

Name the 3 classifications of Dense CT.

A
  1. Dense Regular CT
  2. Dense Irregular CT
  3. Elastic CT
53
Q

How does Dense Regular CT differ from Dense Irregular CT?

A

Dense Regular is more linear/organized.

54
Q

Describe Dense Regular CT. (5)

A
  • Collagen + fibroblasts laid down in regular fashion
  • Extracellular matrix looks shiny white
  • Very strong
  • Forms muscle tendons, aponeuroses, and ligaments
  • Provides strong attachment btwn structures
55
Q

Dense Regular CT: What is the difference btwn aponeuroses, muscle tendons, and ligaments?

A

Tendons: attaches muscle to bone
Aponeuroses: broad, flat tendon (doesn’t anchor on bone)
Ligaments: attach bone to muscle

56
Q

Dense Regular CT: Why are tendons and ligaments slow to heal after injury?

A

Few blood vessels

57
Q

Describe Dense Irregular CT.

A
  • Interwoven collagenous fibers + fibroblasts
  • Irregularly arranged
  • Found in sheets
  • Forms the muscle Fascia
  • Found in periosteum (bone) and perichondrium (cartilage)
  • Joint capsules
  • Dermis of skin
  • “Leather-like”
58
Q

What is Fascia

A

Fibrous tissue containing collagen and elastin (glides over muscle)

59
Q

Dense CT: Describe Elastic CT.

A
  • Consists of elastic fibers and fibroblasts
  • Yellowish
  • Allows stretching of various organs
  • Elasticity: allows tissue to stretch/recoil to original shape
60
Q

Describe Cartilage (CT).

A
  • Mixture of Dense collagenous fibers and elastic fibers in a gel-like ground substance
    -Strong but flexible (can endure more stress than loose/dense CT)
  • Very resilient, strong tensile and compression strength
  • Avascular (due to secretion of an antiangiogenesis, preventing bld vessel growth)
61
Q

How does Cartilage receive nutrients?

A
  • Thru capillary network from perichondrium (covering of dense irregular CT)
  • Synovial fluid in a joint
62
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic
63
Q

Describe Hyaline Cartilage.

A
  • Most of body’s cartilage
  • Bluish-white, shiny
  • Precursor to Bone (in embryonic stages) + only remains at ends of bone (articular cartilage)
  • Strong (but weakest of all 3)
  • Supportive, flexible
64
Q

Describe Fibrocartilage.

A
  • Collagenous fibers found in thick bundles w/ space btwn (matrix)
  • Allows for compression
  • Found in areas that support body weight (intervertebral discs, menisci of knee)
  • Very strong cartilage (strongest)
  • Lacks a perichondrium
65
Q

Describe Elastic Cartilage.

A
  • More flexible cartilage (most durable)
  • Allows movement
  • has a perichondrium

EXCI 253 (anatomy) (10 decks)

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