The Upper Extremity (bones, jnts, ligs)

Question 1

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 1

• Shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle): clavicles & scapulae
• Upper limb
• Pelvic Girdle (innominate bones): illium, ischium, pubis
• Lower limb

Question 2

What is the axial skeleton?

Answer 2

• Skull, vertebral column, ribs

Question 3

The shoulder girdle is attached to the axial skeleton at one point only:

Answer 3

Sternoclavicular jnt

Question 4

Characteristics of the shoulder girdle:

Answer 4

• Weak & unstable
• very mobile

Question 5

What is scapulothoracic rhythm?

Answer 5

For 170/180 degrees of abduction (2:1 ratio GH to ST):
- glenohumeral (GH) mvmt: 2 degrees
- Scapular (ST) mvmt: 1 degree
- Clavicle mvmt: 30 degrees

Question 6

What happens when you fracture your clavicle?

Answer 6

Shoulder “drops”

Question 7

Describe the clavicle b.

Answer 7

• Double curved
• Medial curve: convex anteriorly
• Lateral curve: concave anteriorly
• Articulates with manubrium (top part of sternum)
• Medial (sternal) end: large, round
• Lateral (acromial) end: flat
• One of the most fractured bones

Question 8

Describe the scapula b.

Answer 8

• Flat, triangular shaped
• Post. thoracic wall (T2-T7 ribs)
• Lat. border thicker (muscle attachments)
• Glenoid fossa (head of humerus)
• Scapular spine: Medial–T3, lateral–acromion process
• Rarely fractured

Question 9

Which bone of the upper limb is a “sesamoid” bone?

Answer 9

Scapula

Question 10

What are the 3 major depressions of of the scapula?

Answer 10

1. Supraspinous fossa (supraspinatus m.)
2. Infraspinous fossa (infraspinatus m.)
3. Subscapular fossa (subscapularis m.)

Question 11

What type of jnt is the sternoclavicular (SC) jnt?

Answer 11

Diarthrosis Synovial “gliding”

Question 12

Describe the SC jnt.

Answer 12

• Articular disc (fibrocartilage)
• Ant. and Post. SC lig
• Costoclavicular lig (1st rib)
• interclavicular lig (suprasternal notch)

Question 13

What type of jnt is the Acromioclavicular (AC) jnt?

Answer 13

Diarthrosis synovial “gliding”

Question 14

Describe the AC jnt.

Answer 14

• Sometimes fibrocartilage Disc (making it more amphiarthrodial jnt)
• common site of injury
• Sup. and inf. AC lig
• Coracoclavicular lig (trapezoid + conoid)

Question 15

Describe the humerus b.

Answer 15

• Longest b. in upper extremity
• Articulates w/ scapula at GH jnt
• Articulates distally w/ radius + ulna

Question 16

Where does bicipital tendonitis originate?

Answer 16

Intertubercular (bicipital) groove of humerus b.: long head of biceps brachii m.

Question 17

Describe the capitulum of the humerus b.

Answer 17

• lateral
• Radial head

Question 18

Describe the trochlea of the humerus b.

Answer 18

• Medial
• ulnar trochlear notch

Question 19

What nerve passes thru the medial epicondyle?

Answer 19

Ulnar n.

Question 20

What type of jnt is the Glenohumeral (GH) jnt?

Answer 20

Diarthrosis synovial “ball-and-socket”

Question 21

Describe the GH jnt.

Answer 21

• One of 3 shoulder jnts
• Unstable
• frequently dislocated
• mvmt in all directions
• glenoid fossa
• Glenoid labrum (fibrocartilage)
• supraglenoid/infraglenoid tubercles

Question 22

Describe the shoulder jnt

Answer 22

• Articular capsule
• Anatomical neck of humerus
• GH lig (sup., middle, inf.)
• Coracohumeral lig
• Acromion/coracoid process (coracoacromial lig)

Question 23

What are 2 common injuries of the shoulder jnt?

Answer 23

• “frozen” shoulder
• Subacromial bursitis

Question 24

Describe the ulna b.

Answer 24

• Longer than + medial to radius b.
• thick proximal end (olecranon process)
• trochlear notch: hinge of elbow w/ trochlea of humerus b.
• sharp lat. border (interosseous membrane)
• head and styloid process: distal

Question 25

Describe the radius b.

Answer 25

• Lateral
• Distal to proximal 2:1 ratio
• Minimal role at elbow jnt
• Annular lig: diarthrosis synovial pivot jnt

Question 26

Which forearm bone articulates with the wrist jnt?

Answer 26

Radius b.

Question 27

What are the 3 jnts of the elbow jnt?

Answer 27

1. Humeroulnar
2. Radiohumeral
3. Proximal radioulnar (not articulating with humerus)

Question 28

What are the ligaments of the elbow jnt?

Answer 28

• medial and lat. collateral lig
• Annular lig

Question 29

Describe the distal radioulnar jnt

Answer 29

• Diarthrosis synovial pivot (separated from carpals by a disc)
• pronation/supination
• Ant/post. radioulnar lig
• radius moves on ulna

Question 30

Describe carpal b.

Answer 30

• small and irregular
• many synovial jnts
• many interosseous lig
• concave palmar aspect
• thenar (thumb) and hypothenar (pinky) eminences

Question 31

What are the soft tissues of the hand?

Answer 31

• Skin/subcutaneous tissue
• Palmar aponeurosis
• Flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligs)
• flexor muscle tendons
• Palmar radiocarpal lig (base of carpal tunnel)
• Dorsal radiocarpal lig
• Extensor retinaculum

Question 32

Describe the wrist (radiocarpal) jnt.

Answer 32

• Radius + scaphoid + lunate (+ sometimes triquetrum)
• Diarthrosis synovial condyloid (ellipsoidal) jnt
• Radial (lat.) collateral lig
• Ulnar (med.) collateral lig

Question 33

Describe carpometacarpal jnts

Answer 33

• Diarthrosis synovial gliding
• 1 CMJ: saddle (1st MC + trapezium; all mvmts + opposition)

Question 34

What type of jnt is the metacarpophalangeal jnt (knuckles)?

Answer 34

Diarthrosis synovial condyloid

Question 35

What type of jnt is the interphalangeal jnt?

Answer 35

Diarthrosis synovial hinge